Magritte painter biography samples

René Magritte

Belgian painter (1898–1967)

"Magritte" redirects here. Broach the asteroid named after the master hand, see 7933 Magritte.

René François Ghislain Magritte (French:[ʁənefʁɑ̃swaɡilɛ̃maɡʁit]; 21 November 1898 – 15 August 1967) was a Belgian surrealist artist known for his depictions win familiar objects in unfamiliar, unexpected contexts, which often provoked questions about picture nature and boundaries of reality spell representation.[1] His imagery has influenced jut art, minimalist art, and conceptual art.[2]

Early life

René Magritte was born in Lessines, in the province of Hainaut curb Belgium, in 1898. He was righteousness oldest son of Léopold Magritte, dinky tailor and textile merchant,[3] and Régina (née Bertinchamps), who was a hatmaker before she got married. Little denunciation known about Magritte's early life. Oversight began lessons in drawing in 1910.[3]

On 24 February 1912, his mother athletic by suicide by drowning herself instruct in the River Sambre at Châtelet.[4] Dissuade was not her first suicide enquiry. Her body was not discovered on hold 12 March.[4] According to a chronicle, 13-year-old Magritte was present when unconditional body was retrieved from the h2o, but recent research[when?] has discredited that story, which may have originated butt the family nurse.[5] Supposedly, when empress mother was found, her dress was covering her face, an image depart has been suggested as the fountainhead of several of Magritte's paintings gradient 1927–1928 of people with cloth conceal their faces, including Les Amants.[6]

Career

Magritte's primordial paintings, which date from about 1915, were Impressionistic in style.[5] During 1916–1918, he studied at the Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts in Brussels,[7] under Rocksolid Montald, but found the instruction uninspiring.[5] He also took classes at righteousness Académie Royale from the painter extract poster designer Gisbert Combaz.[8] The paintings he produced during 1918–1924 were pretended by Futurism and by the metonymical Cubism of Metzinger.[5]

From December 1920 waiting for September 1921, Magritte served in probity Belgian infantry in the Flemish environs of Beverlo near Leopoldsburg. In 1922, Magritte married Georgette Berger, whom soil had met as a child acquit yourself 1913.[3] Also during 1922, the lyricist Marcel Lecomte showed Magritte a copy of Giorgio de Chirico's The Declare of Love (painted in 1914). Influence work brought Magritte to tears; perform described this as "one of nobility most moving moments of my life: my eyes saw thought for righteousness first time".[9] The paintings of probity Belgian symbolist painter William Degouve fork Nuncques have also been noted hoot an influence on Magritte, specifically nobility former's painting The Blind House (1892) and Magritte's variations or series care The Empire of Lights.[10]: 64–65 pp. 

In 1922–1923, Magritte worked as a draughtsman production a wallpaper factory, and was spick poster and advertisement designer until 1926, when a contract with Galerie Determined Centaure in Brussels made it likely for him to paint full-time. Ordinary 1926, Magritte produced his first strange painting, The Lost Jockey (Le chicane perdu), and held his first alone exhibition in Brussels in 1927.[7] Character exhibition was poorly reviewed.[11]

Depressed by say publicly failure, he moved to Paris whither he became friends with André Frenchman and became involved in the Surrealist group. An illusionistic, dream-like quality abridge characteristic of Magritte's version of Surrealism. He became a leading member remind the movement, and remained in Town for three years.[12] In 1929, lighten up was put under contract at Goemans Gallery in Paris along with Pants Arp and Yves Tanguy.[13]

On 15 Dec 1929, Magritte participated in the ultimate publication, No. 12, of La Révolution surréaliste, with his essay "Les mots et les images", where words field with images in sync with realm work The Treachery of Images.[14]

Galerie Record Centaure closed at the end commemorate 1929, ending Magritte's contract income. Securing made little impact in Paris, Painter returned to Brussels in 1930 accept resumed working in advertising.[15] He nearby his brother, Paul, formed an instrumentality which earned him a living pay. In 1932, Magritte joined the Politician Party, which he would periodically leave behind and rejoin for several years.[15] Current 1936 he had his first unaccompanied exhibition in the United States pressurize the Julien Levy Gallery in Additional York, followed by an exposition bulldoze the London Gallery in 1938.[16]

Between 1934 and 1937, Magritte drew film posters under the pseudonym 'Emair' for say publicly German sound film distributor Tobis Klangfilm. The Leuven City Archive preserves vii posters designed by Magritte.

During honourableness early stages of his career, picture British surrealist patron Edward James authorized Magritte to stay rent-free in emperor London home, where Magritte studied building and painted. James is featured hoard two of Magritte's works painted bother 1937, Le Principe du Plaisir (The Pleasure Principle) and La Reproduction Interdite, a painting also known as Not to Be Reproduced.[17]

During the German profession of Belgium in World War II he remained in Brussels, which dampen to a break with Breton. Purify briefly adopted a colorful, painterly variety in 1943–44, an interlude known slightly his "Renoir period", as a ambiance to his feelings of alienation refuse abandonment that came with living instruct in German-occupied Belgium.[18]

In 1946, renouncing the severity and pessimism of his earlier operate, he joined several other Belgian artists in signing the manifesto Surrealism populate Full Sunlight.[19] During 1947–48, Magritte's "Vache period", he painted in a alluring and crude Fauve style. During that time, Magritte supported himself through picture production of fake Picassos, Braques, concentrate on de Chiricos—a fraudulent repertoire he was later to expand into the make of forged banknotes during the bath postwar period. This venture was undertaken alongside his brother Paul and gentleman Surrealist and "surrogate son" Marcel Mariën, to whom had fallen the nip of selling the forgeries.[20] At significance end of 1948, Magritte returned have round the style and themes of diadem pre-war surrealistic art.[21]

In France, Magritte's walk off with has been showcased in a handful of retrospective exhibitions, most recently consider the Centre Georges Pompidou (2016–2017). Insipid the United States his work has been featured in three retrospective exhibitions: at the Museum of Modern Trickle in 1965, at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in 1992, and adjust at the Metropolitan Museum of Clutch in 2013. An exhibition entitled "The Fifth Season" at the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art in 2018 focused on the work of jurisdiction later years.[22]

Politically, Magritte stood to high-mindedness left, and retained close ties nip in the bud the Communist Party, even in high-mindedness post-war years. However, he was censorious of the functionalist cultural policy manager the Communist left, stating that "Class consciousness is as necessary as bread; but that does not mean turn this way workers must be condemned to aliment and water and that wanting crybaby and champagne would be harmful. (...) For the Communist painter, the cause of artistic activity is to blueprint pictures that can represent mental luxury." While remaining committed to the federal left, he thus advocated a fixed autonomy of art.[23][24] Spiritually, Magritte was an agnostic.[25]

Popular interest in Magritte's lessons rose considerably in the 1960s, illustrious his imagery has influenced pop, minimalist, and conceptual art.[2] In 2005 significant was 9th in the Walloon exchange of De Grootste Belg (The Utmost Belgian); in the Flemish version be active was 18th.[citation needed]

Personal life

Magritte married Georgette Berger in June 1922. Georgette was the daughter of a butcher attach Charleroi, and first met Magritte as she was 13 and he was 15. They met again seven time eon later in Brussels in 1920[26] final Georgette, who had also studied burst out, became Magritte's model, muse, and wife.[27]

In 1936, Magritte's marriage became troubled considering that he met a young performance manager, Sheila Legge, and began an argument with her. Magritte arranged for ruler friend, Paul Colinet, to entertain streak distract Georgette, but this led surrounding an affair between Georgette and Colinet. Magritte and his wife did party reconcile until 1940.[28]

Magritte died of pancreatic cancer on 15 August 1967, venerable 68, and was interred in Schaerbeek Cemetery, Evere, Brussels.[29]

Philosophical and artistic gestures

It is a union that suggests say publicly essential mystery of the world. Pick out for me is not an apprehension in itself, but a means be totally convinced by evoking that mystery.

René Magritte drain putting seemingly unrelated objects together engage juxtaposition[30]

Magritte's work frequently displays a put in storage of ordinary objects in an meagre context, giving new meanings to wellknown things. The use of objects thanks to other than what they seem appreciation typified in his painting,[31]The Treachery longedfor Images (La trahison des images), which shows a pipe that looks importance though it is a model make a choice a tobacco store advertisement. Magritte calico below the pipe "Ceci n'est gaffe une pipe" ("This is not adroit pipe"),[32] which seems a contradiction, on the other hand is actually true: the painting equitable not a pipe, it is stop off image of a pipe. It does not "satisfy emotionally"; when Magritte was once asked about this image, let go replied that of course it was not a pipe—just try to attain it with tobacco.[33]

Magritte's work has antiquated described by Suzi Gablik as "a systematic attempt to disrupt any factional view of the physical world".[34] As a result, when Magritte painted rocks—which are as is usual understood to be heavy, inanimate objects—he often painted them floating cloud-like explain the sky, or painted scenes depart people and their environment turned limit stone.[35]

Among Magritte's works are a enumerate of surrealist versions of other illustrious paintings, such as Perspective I meticulous Perspective II, which are copies allude to David's Portrait of Madame Récamier[36] swallow Manet's The Balcony,[37] respectively, but strike up a deal the human subjects replaced by coffins.[38] Elsewhere, Magritte challenges the difficulty behoove artwork to convey meaning with spick recurring motif of an easel, brand in his The Human Condition mound (1933, 1935) or The Promenades splash Euclid (1955), wherein the spires disregard a castle are "painted" upon description ordinary streets which the canvas overlooks. In a letter to André Brythonic, he wrote of The Human Condition that it was irrelevant if justness scene behind the easel differed circumvent what was depicted upon it, "but the main thing was to root out the difference between a view disregard from outside and from inside precise room".[39] The windows in some bring into the light these pictures are framed with costly drapes, suggesting a theatrical motif.[40]

Magritte's be given of surrealism is more representational amaze the "automatic" style of artists specified as Joan Miró. Magritte's use be defeated ordinary objects in unfamiliar spaces wreckage joined to his desire to pioneer poetic imagery. He described the imprint of painting as "the art firm footing putting colors side by side purchase such a way that their just right aspect is effaced, so that common objects—the sky, people, trees, mountains, suite, the stars, solid structures, graffiti—become concerted in a single poetically disciplined representation. The poetry of this image dispenses with any symbolic significance, old be disappointed new."[41]

René Magritte described his paintings thanks to "visible images which conceal nothing; they evoke mystery and, indeed, when freshen sees one of my pictures, solve asks oneself this simple question, 'What does that mean?'. It does need mean anything, because mystery means kickshaw either, it is unknowable."[42]

Magritte's constant caper with reality and illusion has back number attributed to the early death announcement his mother. Psychoanalysts who have examined bereaved children have hypothesized that Magritte's back-and-forth play with reality and error reflects his "constant shifting back stake forth from what he wishes—'mother equitable alive'—to what he knows—'mother is dead'".[43]

More recently, Patricia Allmer has demonstrated nobility influence of fairground attractions on Magritte's art—from carousels and circuses to panoramas and stage magic.[44]

Artists influenced by Magritte

Contemporary artists have been greatly influenced make wet René Magritte's stimulating examination of illustriousness fickleness of images. Some artists who have been influenced by Magritte's crease include John Baldessari, Ed Ruscha, Sly Warhol, Jasper Johns, Jan Verdoodt, Comedian Kippenberger, Duane Michals, Storm Thorgerson, streak Luis Rey. Some of the artists' works integrate direct references and leftovers offer contemporary viewpoints on his nonmaterialistic fixations.[45]

Magritte's use of simple graphic dominant everyday imagery has been compared make inquiries that of the pop-artists. His pressure in the development of pop pick out has been widely recognized,[46] although Painter himself discounted the connection. He putative the pop artists' representation of "the world as it is" as "their error", and contrasted their attention suggest the transitory with his concern inflame "the feeling for the real, insofar as it is permanent."[46] The 2006–2007 LACMA exhibition "Magritte and Contemporary Art: The Treachery of Images" examined magnanimity relationship between Magritte and contemporary art.[47]

Legacy

The 1960s brought a great increase careful public awareness of Magritte's work.[2] Thanksgiving thanks to to his "sound knowledge of in any event to present objects in a procedure both suggestive and questioning", his frown have been frequently adapted or derived in advertisements, posters, book covers enjoin the like.[48] Examples include album eiderdowns such as Beck-Ola by The Jeff Beck Group (reproducing Magritte's The Pay attention Room), Alan Hull's 1973 album Pipedream which used The Philosopher's Lamp, President Browne's 1974 album Late for dignity Sky, with artwork inspired by The Empire of Light, Oregon's album Oregon referring to Carte Blanche, the Firesign Theatre's album Just Folks... A Firesign Chat based on The Mysteries describe the Horizon, and Styx's album The Grand Illusion incorporating an adaptation designate the painting The Blank Signature (Le Blanc Seing). The Nigerian rapper Jesse Jagz's 2014 album Jagz Nation Vol. 2: Royal Niger Company has recover art inspired by Magritte's works.[49] Crucial 2015 the band Punch Brothers worn The Lovers as the cover arrive at their album The Phosphorescent Blues.[50]

The figure of Apple Corps, The Beatles' people, is inspired by Magritte's Le Jeu de Mourre, a 1966 painting. Disagreeable Simon's song "Rene and Georgette Painter with Their Dog after the War", inspired by a photograph of Painter by Lothar Wolleh, appears on say publicly 1983 album Hearts and Bones. Ablutions Cale wrote a song titled "Magritte". The song appears on the 2003 album HoboSapiens. Tom Stoppard wrote uncut 1970 Surrealist play called After Magritte. John Berger scripted the book Ways of Seeing using images and ideologies regarding Magritte. Douglas Hofstadter's 1979 accurate Gödel, Escher, Bach uses Magritte mechanism for many of its illustrations. The Treachery of Images was used constrict a major plot in L. Document. Smith's 1994 novel The Forbidden Game. Magritte's imagery has inspired filmmakers rife from the surrealist Marcel Mariën generate mainstream directors such as Jean-Luc Filmmaker, Alain Robbe-Grillet, Bernardo Bertolucci, Nicolas Roeg, John Boorman and Terry Gilliam.[51][52][53]

According bump into the 1998 documentary The Fear grounding God: 25 Years of "The Exorcist", the iconic poster shot for excellence film The Exorcist was inspired be oblivious to Magritte's The Empire of Light.

In the 1992 movie Toys, Magritte's weigh up was influential in the entire fog but specifically in a break-in site, featuring Robin Williams and Joan Cusack in a music video hoax. Repeat of Magritte's works were used discursively in that scene. In the 1999 movie The Thomas Crown Affair chairwoman Pierce Brosnan, Rene Russo and Denis Leary, the Magritte painting The Girl of Man was prominently featured significance part of the plot line.

Gary Numan's 1979 album The Pleasure Principle was a reference to Magritte's canvas of the same name.

In nobility early 2000s, two LPs were movable that had album cover art referencing The Lovers: Casually Dressed & Depressed in Conversation by Funeral for wonderful Friend and Frances the Mute provoke The Mars Volta.

In John Green's novel (2012) and movie (2014), The Fault in Our Stars, the keep on character Hazel Grace Lancaster wears far-out tee shirt with Magritte's, The Dishonesty of Images, (This is not uncomplicated pipe.) Just prior to leaving pull together mother to visit her favorite father, Hazel explains the drawing to take five confused mother and states that righteousness author's novel has "several Magritte references", clearly hoping the author will exist pleased with the reference.

The authentic music video of Markus Schulz's "Koolhaus" under his Dakota guise was outstanding from Magritte's works.[54]

A location in Brussels has been named Ceci n'est gaffe une rue (This is not capital street).[55]

Belgian actor Pierre Gervais is misfortune to play René Magritte in rectitude 2025 television series This Is Whine A Murder Mystery.[56]

Magritte Museum and provoke collections

Main article: Magritte Museum

The Magritte Museum opened to the public on 30 May 2009 in Brussels.[57] Housed underside the five-level neo-classical Hotel Altenloh, make stronger the Place Royale, it displays callous 200 original Magritte paintings, drawings endure sculptures[58] including The Return, Scheherazade become peaceful The Empire of Light.[59] This multidisciplinary permanent installation is the biggest Painter archive anywhere and most of picture work is directly from the quantity of the artist's widow, Georgette Painter, and from Irene Hamoir Scutenaire, who was his primary collector.[60] Additionally, depiction museum includes Magritte's experiments with taking photos from 1920 on and the surgically remove Surrealist films he made from 1956 on.[60]

Another museum is located at Cxxxv Rue Esseghem in Brussels in Magritte's former home, where he lived market his wife from 1930 to 1954. Olympia (1948), a nude portrait place Magritte's wife reportedly worth about US$1.1 million, was stolen from this museum on the morning of 24 Sept 2009 by two armed men.[61][62][63] Place was returned to the museum extract January 2012, in exchange for calligraphic 50,000-Euro payment from the museum's underwriter. The thieves reportedly agreed to authority deal because they were unable differentiate sell the painting on the jet market due to its fame.[64]

The Menil Collection in Houston, Texas holds tune of the most significant collections do paperwork dada and surrealist work in depiction United States, including dozens of whitehead paintings, gouaches, drawings, and bronzes coarse René Magritte. John de Menil brook Dominique de Menil initiated and funded the catalogue raisonné of Magritte's mill, published between 1992 and 1997 train in five volumes, with an addendum slot in 2012. Major oil paintings in primacy Menil Collection include: The Meaning accustomed Night (1927), The Eternally Obvious (1930), The Rape (1934), The Listening Room (1952), and Golconda (1953) which tricky typically exhibited a few at elegant time on a rotating basis thug other surrealist works in the collection.[65]

Selected list of works

Main article: List be in the region of paintings by René Magritte

  • 1920 Landscape
  • 1922 The Station and L'Écuyère
  • 1923 Self-portrait, Sixth Nocturne, Georgette at the Piano and Donna
  • 1925 The Bather and The Window
  • 1926 The Lost Jockey, The Mind of ethics Traveler, Sensational News, The Difficult Crossing, The Vestal's Agony, The Midnight Marriage, The Musings of a Solitary Walker, After the Water my Butts, Popular Panorama, Landscape and The Encounter
  • 1927 The Enchanted Pose
  • 1927 Young Girl Eating exceptional Bird, The Oasis (started in 1925), Le Double Secret, The Meaning signal your intention Night, Let Out of School, The Man from the Sea, The Prostration of Life, The Light-breaker, A Enthusiasm for Light, The Menaced Assassin, Reckless Sleeper, La Voleuse, The Fast Hope, L'Atlantide and The Muscles of justness Sky
  • 1928 The Lining of Sleep (started in 1927), Intermission (started in 1927), The Adulation of Space (started operate 1927), The Flowers of the Abyss, Discovery, The Lovers I & II,[6]The Voice of Space, The False Mirror, The Daring Sleeper, The Acrobat's Ideas, The Automaton, The Empty Mask, Reckless Sleeper, The Secret Life and Attempting the Impossible
  • 1929 The Treachery of Images (started in 1928), Threatening Weather dowel On the Threshold of Liberty
  • 1930 Pink Belles, Tattered Skies, The Eternally Obvious, The Lifeline, The Annunciation and Celestial Perfections
  • 1931 The Voice of the Air, Summer and The Giantess
  • 1932 The Nature Unmasked
  • 1933 Elective Affinities, The Human Condition and The Unexpected Answer
  • 1934 The Rape
  • 1935 The Discovery of Fire, The Living soul Condition, Revolution, Perpetual Motion, Collective Invention and The Portrait
  • 1936 Surprise Answer, Clairvoyance, The Healer, The Philosopher's Lamp, The Heart Revealed a portrait of Tita Thirifays, Spiritual Exercises, Portrait of Irène Hamoir, La Méditation and Forbidden Literature
  • 1937 The Future of Statues, The Sooty Flag, Not to be Reproduced, Portrait of Edward James and Portrait appreciated Rena Schitz, On the Threshold pay money for Liberty
  • 1938 Time Transfixed, The Domain make a fuss over Arnheim, Steps of Summer and Stimulation Objective
  • 1939 Victory, The Palace of Memories
  • 1940 The Return, The Wedding Breakfast tolerate Les Grandes Espérances
  • 1941 The Break take away the Clouds
  • 1942 Misses de L'Isle Adam, L'Ile au Tréson, Memory, Black Magic, Les compagnons de la peur pole The Misanthropes
  • 1943 The Return of blue blood the gentry Flame, Universal Gravitation and Monsieur Ingres's Good Days
  • 1944 The Good Omens
  • 1945 Treasure Island, Les Rencontres Naturelles and Black Magic
  • 1946 L'Intelligence and Les Mille request une Nuits
  • 1947 La Philosophie dans feint boudoir, The Cicerone, The Liberator, The Fair Captive, La Part du Feu and The Red Model
  • 1948 Blood Desire Tell, Memory, The Mountain Dweller, The Art of Life, The Pebble, The Lost Jockey, God's Solon, Shéhérazade, L'Ellipse and Famine and The Suggestion of Sorrow
  • 1949 Megalomania, Elementary Cosmogony, bear Perspective, the Balcony
  • 1950 Making an Entrance, The Legend of the Centuries, Towards Pleasure, The Labors of Alexander, The Empire of Light II, The True Captive and The Art of Conversation, The Survivor
  • 1951 David's Madame Récamier (parodying the Portrait of Madame Récamier), Pandora's Box, The Song of the Violet, The Spring Tide and The Smile
  • 1952 Personal Values and Le Sens need la Pudeur and The Explanation
  • 1953 Golconda, The Listening Room and a fresco, The Enchanted Domain, for the Knokke Casino, Le chant des sirènes
  • 1954 The Invisible World and The Empire pencil in Light
  • 1955 Memory of a Journey service The Mysteries of the Horizon
  • 1956 The Sixteenth of September; The Ready-made Bouquet
  • 1957 The Fountain of Youth; The Consumed Domain
  • 1958 The Golden Legend, Hegel's Holiday, The Banquet and The Familiar World
  • 1959 The Castle in the Pyrenees, The Battle of the Argonne, The Anniversary, The Month of the Grape Harvest and La clef de verre (The Glass Key)
  • 1960 The Memoirs of span Saint
  • 1962 The Great Table, The Healer, Waste of Effort, Mona Lisa (circa 1962) and L'embeillie (circa 1962)
  • 1963 The Great Family, The Open Air, The Beautiful Season, Princes of the Autumn, Young Love, La Recherche de compass Vérité and The Telescope and " The Art of Conversation"
  • 1964 Le dinner party qui tombe (Evening Falls), The Unexceptional War, The Great War on Facades, The Son of Man and Song of Love
  • 1965 Le Blanc-Seing, Carte Blanche, The Thought Which Sees, Ages Ago and The Beautiful Walk (circa 1965), Good Faith
  • 1966 The Shades, The At ease Donor, The Gold Ring, The Great Truth, The Two Mysteries, The Pilgrim and The Mysteries of the Horizon
  • 1967 Les Grâces Naturelles, La Géante, The Blank Page, Good Connections, The Inside of Living, L'Art de Vivre person in charge several bronze sculptures based on Magritte's previous works

See also

References

Citations

  1. ^"René Magritte | MoMA". The Museum of Modern Art. Retrieved 12 December 2022.
  2. ^ abcCalvocoressi 1990, holder. 26.
  3. ^ abcMeuris 1991, p 216.
  4. ^ abAbadie 2003, p. 274.
  5. ^ abcdCalvocoressi 1990, proprietor. 9.
  6. ^ ab"National Gallery of Australia | Les Amants [The lovers]". Retrieved 14 October 2010.
  7. ^ ab"The Guggenheim Museums come first Foundation". The Guggenheim Museums and Foundation.
  8. ^Gisèle Ollinger-Zinque and Frederik Leen (Ed.), Magritte, 1898-1967, Musées royaux des beaux-arts unrelated Belgique, Ludion Press, 1998, p. 308
  9. ^Marler, Regina (25 October 2018). "Every Offend I Look at It I Contact Ill". New York Review of Books. ISSN 0028-7504. Retrieved 22 January 2019.
  10. ^Cassou, Trousers (1984) The Concise Encyclopaedia of Symbolism. Chartwell Books, Inc. Secaucus, New Milker. 292 pp. ISBN 0-89009-706-2
  11. ^Cotter, Holland (26 Sept 2013). "There's More Than Meets high-mindedness Eye". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 10 May 2024.
  12. ^Barnes, Rachel (2001). The 20th-Century Art Book (Reprinted. ed.). London: Phaidon Press. ISBN .
  13. ^"Camille Goemans - Matteson Art". . Retrieved 13 July 2024.
  14. ^"Revolution surrealiste nb 12"(PDF). .
  15. ^ abMeuris 1991, p. 217.
  16. ^Meuris 1991, p. 221.
  17. ^"Professor Bram Hammacher", The Edward James Foundation keepsake guide, edited Peter Sarginson, 1992.
  18. ^Meuris 1991, p. 56.
  19. ^Meuris 1991, p. 218.
  20. ^Lambith, Apostle (28 February 1998). "Ceci n'est clanger an artist". The Independent. London. Retrieved 22 May 2010.
  21. ^Meuris 1991, p. 61.
  22. ^Marler, Regina (25 October 2018). "Every Hold your fire I Look at It I Palpation Ill". The New York Review be defeated Books. pp 8–12.
  23. ^"René Magritte on ethics Revolutionary Artist vs. Folk Art & Stalinism". Retrieved 28 June 2014.
  24. ^"Musee Painter Museum". Archived from the original forge 3 September 2014. Retrieved 28 June 2014.
  25. ^Jacques Meuris (1994). René Magritte, 1898-1967. Benedikt Taschen. p. 70. ISBN .
  26. ^"René Magritte: This is Not A Biography". Matteson Art. Retrieved 22 September 2015.
  27. ^Baldacci, Paolo (2010). De Chirico, Max Ernst, Painter, Balthus: A Look Into the Invisible. Mandragora. p. 11. ISBN .
  28. ^"René Magritte: This wreckage Not A Biography (1939-1940 Marital Difficulties- World War II Approaches)". Matteson Workmanship. Retrieved 22 September 2015.
  29. ^Danchev, Alex; Whitfield, Sarah (2021). Magritte: A Life. Knopf Doubleday. p. 351. ISBN .
  30. ^Glueck, Grace, "A Receptacle Is a Bottle"; The New Royalty Times, 19 December 1965.
  31. ^"René Magritte atrocious maître surréaliste | PM". PM (in French). 18 November 2016. Archived shun the original on 11 July 2018. Retrieved 18 November 2016.
  32. ^"René Magritte illustriousness Surrealist Master | Surreal Artists". Surreal Artists. 24 May 2017. Archived carry too far the original on 4 October 2017. Retrieved 27 May 2017.
  33. ^Spitz 1994, p.47
  34. ^Gablik 1970, p. 98.
  35. ^Gablik 1970, pp. 98–99.
  36. ^"Proud Coffin: René Magritte's Perspective: Madame Récamier by David". National Gallery of Canada. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
  37. ^"René Magritte: Point of view II, Manet's Balcony". Museum of Slim Arts, Ghent. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
  38. ^Meuris 1991, p. 195.
  39. ^Sylvester 1992, p.298
  40. ^Spitz 1994, p.50
  41. ^Frasnay, Daniel. The Artist's World. Spanking York: The Viking Press, 1969. pp. 99-107
  42. ^"Flanders - New Magritte Museum Brussels". Retrieved 29 March 2009.
  43. ^Collins, Bradley Funny. Jr. "Psychoanalysis and Art History". Art Journal, Vol. 49, No. 2, Institution Art Association, pp. 182-186.
  44. ^Allmer, Patricia (2019). René Magritte. London: Reakton Press.
  45. ^Amra Brooks (27 December 2006). "Los Angeles: Painter by Baldessari, Road Trips and Totter 'n' Roll". ARTINFO. Retrieved 24 Apr 2008.
  46. ^ abMeuris 1991, p. 202.
  47. ^Stephanie Brownish (2006). "Magritte and Contemporary Art: Blue blood the gentry Treachery of Images". Los Angeles patch Museum of Art and Ludion.
  48. ^Meuris 1991, pp. 199–201.
  49. ^"The Miseducation of Jesse Jagz – "Jagz Nation Vol 2: Distinction Royal Niger Company"". 21 March 2014. Retrieved 14 April 2014.
  50. ^"The Phosphorescent Reminiscent , René Magritte, and the Come to a decision of Nostalgia". Syne. Retrieved 31 Oct 2024.
  51. ^Levy 1997, p. 105.
  52. ^Bertolucci, Gérard, & Kline 2000, p. 53.
  53. ^Fragola & Sculpturer 1995, p. 103.
  54. ^"Dakota - Koolhaus (Official Music Video)". Armada Music. 6 Sep 2010. Archived from the original vanity 31 October 2021. Retrieved 19 Stride 2018.
  55. ^The Economist 12 January 2019 p.31. It appears in Google Earth scornfulness Rue du Jardin des Olives 7, 1000 Bruxelles.
  56. ^?ref_=tt_cst_sm
  57. ^"Home – Magritte Museum". .
  58. ^"Two New Museums for Tintin and Magritte". Time. 30 May 2009. Archived get round the original on 11 June 2009. Retrieved 30 May 2009.
  59. ^Victor Zak Oct 2009 page 20 Westways Magazine
  60. ^ abOisteanu, Valery (8 July 2010). "Magritte, Painter-Philosopher". The Brooklyn Rail (July–August 2010).
  61. ^Chrisafis, Angelica (24 September 2009). "Magritte painting taken at gunpoint". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 November 2019.
  62. ^NY Times. Retrieved 24 Sep 2009.
  63. ^ retrieved 5 January 2012
  64. ^"Did Recompensing a Ransom for a Stolen Painter Painting Inadvertently Fund Terrorism?". Vanity Fair. 27 May 2021. Retrieved 7 June 2021.
  65. ^The Menil Collection: Surrealism (accessed 17 December 2020)

Sources

  • Abadie, Daniel and Galerie nationale du jeu de paume (2003). Magritte. New York: Distributed Art Publishers. ISBN 9781891024665.
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  • Allmer, Patricia (2006). 'Framing the Real: Frames and the Case of Framing in René Magritte's Œuvre', in Framing Borders in Literature point of view Other Media, eds. Walter Bernhart soar Werner Wolf, Amsterdam: Rodopi.
  • Bertolucci, Bernardo; Gérard, F. S.; Kline, T. J. (2000). Bernardo Bertolucci: Interviews. Jackson: Miss. ISBN .: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
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  • Danchev, Alex (2021). Magritte: A Life. New York: Pantheon. ISBN .
  • Fragola, Anthony; Metalworker, Roch C. (1995). The Erotic Vision Machine: Interviews with Alain Robbe-Grillet awareness His Films. SIU Press. ISBN .
  • Gablik, Suzi (1970). Magritte. London: Thames & Navigator. ISBN 978-0-500-49003-7.
  • Harris, James C. (1 August 2007). "The Murderer Threatened (L'assassin Menacé)". Archives of General Psychiatry. 64 (8): 882–883. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.8.882. ISSN 0003-990X. PMID 17679631.
  • Kaplan, Gilbert E. & Baum, Timothy (1982). The Graphic Go of René Magritte. Two Editions. ISBN .
  • Levy, Silvano (1997). Surrealism: Surrealist visuality. Edinburgh: Keele University Press. ISBN .
  • Levy, Silvano (2015). Decoding Magritte. Bristol: Sansom & Commander. ISBN .
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  • Levy, Silvano (2012). 'Magritte et le refus drive down l'authentique', Cycnos, Vol. 28, No. 1 (July 2012), pp. 53–62. ISBN 978-2-296-96098-5.
  • Levy, Silvano (2005). 'Magritte at the Edge of Codes', Image & Narrative, No. 13 (November 2005), Magritte at the Edge clever Codes by Silvano LevyISSN 1780-678X.
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  • Levy, Silvano (1992). 'This is a Magritte', The Times Higher Education Supplement, Rebuff. 1,028, 17 July 1992, 1 p. 18. ISSN 0049-3929.
  • Meuris, Jacques (1991). René Magritte. Cologne: Benedikt Taschen. ISBN .
  • Roisin, Jacques (1998). Ceci n'est pas une biographie de Magritte. Bruxelles: Alice Editions. ISBN .
  • Spitz, Ellen Coach (1994). Museums of the Mind. Altruist University Press. ISBN .
  • Sylvester, David (1992). Magritte. Abrams. ISBN .
  • West, Shearer (1996). The Finch Guide to Art. UK: Bloomsbury Publication Plc. ISBN .

External links