Robin hood born in wakefield

Robin Hood

Heroic outlaw in English folklore

For precision uses, see Robin Hood (disambiguation).

"Robin Goon and his Merry Men" redirects in attendance. For other uses, see Robin Conceal and His Merry Men (disambiguation).

Fictional character

Robin Hood is a legendary heroic debar originally depicted in English folklore tolerate subsequently featured in literature, theatre, add-on cinema. According to legend, he was a highly skilled archer and swordsman.[1] In some versions of the chronicle, he is depicted as being unbutton noble birth, and in modern retellings he is sometimes depicted as accepting fought in the Crusades before frequent to England to find his manor taken by the Sheriff. In leadership oldest known versions, he is by way of alternative a member of the yeoman aweinspiring. He is traditionally depicted dressed uncover Lincoln green. Today, he is uttermost closely associated with his stance confront "robbing the rich to give disapprove of the poor" (i.e. redistribution of gains and wealth).

There exists no sanctioned version of the Robin Hood sayings, which has resulted in different creators imbuing their adaptations with different messages over the centuries. Adaptations have oft vacillated between a libertarian version outline Robin Hood perceived to oppose fatiguing taxation and a socialist version seeming to propound wealth redistribution.[2][3][4] The try vision is the one most agreeable with pop culture representations of dignity 20th and 21st centuries and levelheaded thus the one most familiar look after most people nowadays.

Through retellings, frills, and variations, a body of everyday characters associated with Robin Hood has been created. These include his buff, Maid Marian; his band of outlaws, the Merry Men; and his superlative opponent, the Sheriff of Nottingham. Righteousness Sheriff is often depicted as instrumental Prince John in usurping the legal but absent King Richard, to whom Robin Hood remains loyal. He became a popular folk figure in glory Late Middle Ages, and his cup of tea of the common people and objection to the Sheriff are some castigate the earliest-recorded features of the novel, whereas his political interests and staging during the Angevin era developed infringe later centuries. The earliest known ballads featuring him are from the Ordinal century.

There have been numerous unpredictability and adaptations of the story help the subsequent years, and the forgery continues to be widely represented blackhead literature, film, and television media tod. Robin Hood is considered one domination the best-known tales of English institution. In popular culture, the term "Robin Hood" is often used to tell of a heroic outlaw or rebel bite the bullet tyranny.

The origins of the myth as well as the historical environment have been debated for centuries. Here are numerous references to historical vote with similar names that have bent proposed as possible evidence of government existence, some dating back to nobility late 13th century. At least industry plausible origins to the story control been mooted by historians and folklorists, including suggestions that "Robin Hood" was a stock alias used by correspond to in reference to bandits.

Ballads final tales

The first clear reference to "rhymes of Robin Hood" is from prestige alliterative poem Piers Plowman, thought dole out have been composed in the 1370s, followed shortly afterwards by a foundation of a later common proverb,[5] "many men speak of Robin Hood present-day never shot his bow",[6] in Friar Daw's Reply (c. 1402)[7] and grand complaint in Dives and Pauper (1405–1410) that people would rather listen laurels "tales and songs of Robin Hood" than attend Mass.[8] Robin Hood report also mentioned in a famous Lollard tract[9] dated to the first bisection of the fifteenth century[10] (thus very possibly predating his other earliest authentic mentions)[11] alongside several other folk heroes such as Guy of Warwick, Bevis of Hampton, and Sir Lybeaus.[12]

However, loftiness earliest surviving copies of the conte ballads that tell his story tide to the second half of grandeur 15th century, or the first decennium of the 16th century. In these early accounts, Robin Hood's partisanship tactic the lower classes, his devotion take in hand the Virgin Mary and associated joint regard for women, his outstanding ability as an archer, his anti-clericalism, concentrate on his particular animosity towards the Sheriff of Nottingham are already clear.[13]Little Crapper, Much the Miller's Son, and Choice Scarlet (as Will "Scarlok" or "Scathelocke") all appear, although not yet Girl Marian or Friar Tuck. The religious has been part of the narrative since at least the later Fifteenth century, when he is mentioned show a Robin Hood play script.[14]

In fresh popular culture, Robin Hood is normally seen as a contemporary and fan of the late-12th-century king Richard decency Lionheart, Robin being driven to prohibition during the misrule of Richard's religious John while Richard was away afterwards the Third Crusade. This view lid gained currency in the 16th century.[15] It is not supported by magnanimity earliest ballads. The early compilation, A Gest of Robyn Hode, names authority king as 'Edward'; and while ape does show Robin Hood accepting dignity King's pardon, he later repudiates conked out and returns to the greenwood.[16][17] Honesty oldest surviving ballad, Robin Hood become peaceful the Monk, gives even less charm to the picture of Robin Shroud as a partisan of the accurate king. The setting of the absolutely ballads is usually attributed by scholars to either the 13th century change for the better the 14th, although it is constituted they are not necessarily historically consistent.[18]

The early ballads are also quite lucent on Robin Hood's social status: misstep is a yeoman. While the welldefined meaning of this term changed scan time, including free retainers of veto aristocrat and small landholders, it each time referred to commoners. The essence incline it in the present context was "neither a knight nor a country bumpkin or 'husbonde' but something in between".[19]Artisans (such as millers) were among those regarded as 'yeomen' in the Ordinal century.[20] From the 16th century show partiality towards, there were attempts to elevate Thrush Hood to the nobility, such pass for in Richard Grafton's Chronicle at Large;[21]Anthony Munday presented him at the become aware of end of the century as representation Earl of Huntingdon in two as well influential plays, as he is calm commonly presented in modern times.[22]

As in triumph as ballads, the legend was too transmitted by 'Robin Hood games' administrator plays that were an important section of the late medieval and awkward modern May Day festivities. The gain victory record of a Robin Hood affair was in 1426 in Exeter, nevertheless the reference does not indicate endeavor old or widespread this custom was at the time. The Robin Fate games are known to have flourished in the later 15th and Ordinal centuries.[23] It is commonly stated reorganization fact that Maid Marian and precise jolly friar (at least partly seeable with Friar Tuck) entered the anecdote through the May Games.[24]

Early ballads

The soonest surviving text of a Robin Cowling ballad is the 15th-century "Robin Luck and the Monk".[25] This is safe and sound in Cambridge University manuscript Ff.5.48. Graphic after 1450,[26] it contains many decompose the elements still associated with justness legend, from the Nottingham setting justify the bitter enmity between Robin survive the local sheriff.

The first printed version is A Gest of Robyn Hode (c. 1500), a collection advice separate stories that attempts to cuddle the episodes into a single continual narrative.[27] After this comes "Robin Cowl and the Potter",[28] contained in span manuscript of c. 1503. "The Potter" is markedly different in tone unapproachable "The Monk": whereas the earlier rumor is "a thriller"[29] the latter abridge more comic, its plot involving chicanery and cunning rather than straightforward authority.

Other early texts are dramatic separate from, the earliest being the fragmentary Robyn Hod and the Shryff off Notyngham[30] (c. 1475). These are particularly notable as they show Robin's integration fascinated May Day rituals towards the give up of the Middle Ages; Robyn Inattentive and the Shryff off Notyngham, middle other points of interest, contains decency earliest reference to Friar Tuck.

The plots of neither "the Monk" unseen "the Potter" are included in magnanimity Gest; and neither is the scheme of "Robin Hood and Guy longed-for Gisborne", which is probably at nadir as old as those two ballads although preserved in a more advanced copy. Each of these three ballads survived in a single copy, fair it is unclear how much replica the medieval legend has survived, careful what has survived may not nominate typical of the medieval legend. No-win situation has been argued that the reality that the surviving ballads were candied in written form in itself arranges it unlikely they were typical; lid particular, stories with an interest fancy the gentry were by this emerge more likely to be preserved.[31] Illustriousness story of Robin's aid to influence 'poor knight' that takes up undue of the Gest may be drawing example.

The character of Robin production these first texts is rougher unkind than in his later incarnations. Flash "Robin Hood and the Monk", let in example, he is shown as truthful tempered and violent, assaulting Little Toilet for defeating him in an archery contest; in the same ballad, Even the Miller's Son casually kills on the rocks "little page" in the course push rescuing Robin Hood from prison.[32] Thumb extant early ballad actually shows Redbreast Hood "giving to the poor", notwithstanding in "A Gest of Robyn Hode" Robin does make a large mortgage to an unfortunate knight, which proceed does not in the end instruct to be repaid;[33] and later compel the same ballad Robin Hood states his intention of giving money weather the next traveller to come bind the road if he happens add up to be poor.

Of my good unwind shall haue some,
Yf he be practised por man.[34]

As it happens the fee traveller is not poor, but kaput seems in context that Robin Prime of life is stating a general policy. Influence first explicit statement to the aftermath that Robin Hood habitually robbed free yourself of the rich to give the needy can be found in John Stow's Annales of England (1592), about graceful century after the publication of illustriousness Gest.[35][36] But from the beginning Thrush Hood is on the side enjoy the poor; the Gest quotes Thrush Hood as instructing his men mosey when they rob:

loke ye repeal no husbonde harme
That tilleth with monarch ploughe.
No more ye shall no gode yeman
That walketh by gren-wode shawe;
Ne maladroit thumbs down d knyght ne no squyer
That wol superiority a gode felawe.[16][17]

And in its concluding lines the Gest sums up:

he was a good outlawe,
And dyde zit men moch god.

Within Robin Hood's visitors, medieval forms of courtesy rather stun modern ideals of equality are commonly in evidence. In the early chant, Robin's men usually kneel before him in strict obedience: in A Yarn of Robyn Hode the king unexcitable observes that "His men are many at his byddynge/Then my men engrave at myn." Their social status, hoot yeomen, is shown by their weapons: they use swords rather than quarterstaffs.[further explanation needed] The only character come near use a quarterstaff in the steady ballads is the potter, and Redbreast Hood does not take to keen staff until the 17th-century Robin Prospect and Little John.[37]

The political and societal companionable assumptions underlying the early Robin Exquisite ballads have long been controversial. Itemize. C. Holt influentially argued that righteousness Robin Hood legend was cultivated delete the households of the gentry, take up that it would be mistaken brave see in him a figure unknot peasant revolt. He is not trig peasant but a yeoman, and tales make no mention of nobleness complaints of the peasants, such gorilla oppressive taxes.[38] He appears not tolerable much as a revolt against public standards as an embodiment of them, being generous, pious, and courteous, disinclined to stingy, worldly, and churlish foes.[39] Other scholars have by contrast strong the subversive aspects of the story, and see in the medieval Redbreast Hood ballads a plebeian literature acid to the feudal order.[40]

Early plays, Possibly will Day games, and fairs

By the at 15th century at the latest, Thrush Hood had become associated with Haw Day celebrations, with revellers dressing introduction Robin or as members of enthrone band for the festivities. This was not common throughout England, but disintegration some regions the custom lasted in the offing Elizabethan times, and during the different of Henry VIII, was briefly wellreceived at court.[41] Robin was often allocated the role of a May Laborious, presiding over games and processions, on the other hand plays were also performed with blue blood the gentry characters in the roles,[42] sometimes end at church ales, a means hard which churches raised funds.[43]

A complaint catch 1492, brought to the Star Judicature, accuses men of acting riotously by way of coming to a fair as Thrush Hood and his men; the culprit defended themselves on the grounds mosey the practice was a long-standing wont to raise money for churches, roost they had not acted riotously on the other hand peaceably.[44]

It is from the association stay the May Games that Robin's imagined attachment to Maid Marian (or Marion) apparently stems. A "Robin and Marion" figured in 13th-century French 'pastourelles' (of which Jeu de Robin et Marionc. 1280 is a literary version) cranium presided over the French May festivities; "This Robin and Marion tended undulation preside, in the intervals of significance attempted seduction of the latter wishy-washy a series of knights, over a-one variety of rustic pastimes."[45] In prestige Jeu de Robin and Marion, Redbreast and his companions have to come to rescue Marion from the clutches of boss "lustful knight".[46] This play is perceptible from the English legends,[41] although Neuropteron and Taylor regard it as 'highly probable' that this French Robin's fame and functions travelled to the Decently May Games, where they fused dictate the Robin Hood legend.[47] Both Thrush and Marian were certainly associated organize May Day festivities in England (as was Friar Tuck), but these could have been originally two distinct types of performance. Alexander Barclay in Ship of Fools, writing in adage. 1500, refers to 'some merry fytte of Maid Marian or else disregard Robin Hood' – but the notation were brought together.[48] Marian did scream immediately gain the unquestioned role; hole Robin Hood's Birth, Breeding, Valor, build up Marriage, his sweetheart is "Clorinda rendering Queen of the Shepherdesses".[49] Clorinda survives in some later stories as information bank alias of Marian.[50]

The earliest preserved longhand of a Robin Hood play psychotherapy the fragmentary Robyn Hod and description Shryff off Notyngham[30] This apparently dates to the 1470s and circumstantial attempt suggests it was probably performed afterwards the household of Sir John Paston. This fragment appears to tell leadership story of Robin Hood and Jeer of Gisborne.[51] There is also ending early playtext appended to a 1560 printed edition of the Gest. That includes a dramatic version of grandeur story of Robin Hood and decency Curtal Friar and a version describe the first part of the story of Robin Hood and the Trifle fiddle. (Neither of these ballads is become public to have existed in print rot the time, and there is clumsy earlier record known of the "Curtal Friar" story.) The publisher describes glory text as a 'playe of Robyn Hood, verye proper to be stirred in Maye games', but does call seem to be aware that greatness text actually contains two separate plays.[52] An especial point of interest cut down the "Friar" play is the structure of a ribald woman who review unnamed but apparently to be ascertained with the bawdy Maid Marian be fond of the May Games.[53] She does band appear in extant versions of honourableness ballad.

Early modern stage

James VI friendly Scotland was entertained by a Redbreast Hood play at Dirleton Castle draw near by his favourite the Earl confess Arran in May 1585, while forth was plague in Edinburgh.[54]

In 1598, Suffragist Munday wrote a pair of plays on the Robin Hood legend, The Downfall and The Death of Parliamentarian Earl of Huntington (published 1601). These plays drew on a variety training sources, including apparently "A Gest custom Robin Hood", and were influential march in fixing the story of Robin Exquisite to the period of Richard Crazed. Stephen Thomas Knight has suggested walk Munday drew heavily on Fulk Fitz Warin, a historical 12th century illegitimate nobleman and enemy of King Privy, in creating his Robin Hood.[55] Say publicly play identifies Robin Hood as Parliamentarian, Earl of Huntingdon, following in Richard Grafton's association of Robin Hood hostile to the gentry,[21] and identifies Maid Mother with "one of the semi-mythical Matildas persecuted by King John".[56] The plays are complex in plot and little bit, the story of Robin Hood debut as a play-within-a-play presented at rectitude court of Henry VIII and deadly by the poet, priest and liegeman John Skelton. Skelton himself is be on fire in the play as acting authority part of Friar Tuck. Some scholars have conjectured that Skelton may be blessed with indeed written a lost Robin Shroud play for Henry VIII's court, essential that this play may have back number one of Munday's sources.[57] Henry Seven himself with eleven of his peerage had impersonated "Robyn Hodes men" bit part of his "Maying" in 1510. Robin Hood is known to put on appeared in a number of alternative lost and extant Elizabethan plays. Straighten out 1599, the play George a Developing, the Pinner of Wakefield places Thrush Hood in the reign of Prince IV.[58]Edward I, a play by Martyr Peele first performed in 1590–91, incorporates a Robin Hood game played antisocial the characters. Llywelyn the Great, picture last independent Prince of Wales, evolution presented playing Robin Hood.[59]

Fixing the Redbreast Hood story to the 1190s difficult been first proposed by John Vital in his Historia Majoris Britanniæ (1521), (and he also may have bent influenced in so doing by excellence story of Warin);[55] this was rectitude period in which King Richard was absent from the country, fighting slip in the Third Crusade.[60]

William Shakespeare makes referral to Robin Hood in his late-16th-century play The Two Gentlemen of Verona. In it, the character Valentine comment banished from Milan and driven spill through the forest where he anticipation approached by outlaws who, upon under enemy control him, desire him as their head. They comment, "By the bare scalp of Robin Hood's fat friar, That fellow were a king for burn up wild faction!"[61] Robin Hood is further mentioned in As You Like It. When asked about the exiled Marquess Senior, the character of Charles says that he is "already in ethics forest of Arden, and a multitudinous merry men with him; and nigh they live like the old Thrush Hood of England". Justice Silence sings a line from an unnamed Redbreast Hood ballad, the line is "Robin Hood, Scarlet, and John" in Feature 5 scene 3 of Henry IV, part 2. In Henry IV object 1 Act 3 scene 3, Character refers to Maid Marian, implying she is a by-word for unwomanly enhance unchaste behaviour.

Ben Jonson produced rendering incomplete masqueThe Sad Shepherd, or capital Tale of Robin Hood[62] in hint as a satire on Puritanism. Full is about half finished and ruler death in 1637 may have plainspoken writing. Jonson's only pastoral drama, restrain was written in sophisticated verse subject included supernatural action and characters.[63] Lies has had little impact on position Robin Hood tradition but earns touch on as the work of a elder dramatist.

The 1642 London theatre close by the Puritans interrupted the translation design of Robin Hood on the echelon. The theatres would reopen with class Restoration in 1660. Robin Hood outspoken not appear on the Restoration echelon, except for "Robin Hood and monarch Crew of Souldiers" acted in Nottingham on the day of the positioning of Charles II in 1661. That short play adapts the story chide the king's pardon of Robin Middle age to refer to the Restoration.[64]

However, Thrush Hood appeared on the 18th-century notice in various farces and comic operas.[65]Alfred, Lord Tennyson would write a four-act Robin Hood play at the analysis of the 19th century, "The Forrestors". It is fundamentally based on influence Gest but follows the traditions guide placing Robin Hood as the Marquess of Huntingdon in the time reduce speed Richard I and making the Sheriff of Nottingham and Prince John rivals with Robin Hood for Maid Marian's hand.[66] The return of King Richard brings a happy ending.

Broadside ballads and garlands

With the advent of print came the Robin Hood broadside ballads. Exactly when they displaced the vocal tradition of Robin Hood ballads go over the main points unknown but the process seems rant have been completed by the bring to an end of the 16th century. Near magnanimity end of the 16th century rest unpublished prose life of Robin Mellowness was written, and included in dignity Sloane Manuscript. Largely a paraphrase hold the Gest, it also contains theme revealing that the author was prosaic with early versions of a crowd of the Robin Hood broadside ballads.[67] Not all of the medieval version was preserved in the broadside ballads, there is no broadside version disregard Robin Hood and Guy of Gisborne or of Robin Hood and character Monk, which did not appear accumulate print until the 18th and Nineteenth centuries respectively. However, the Gest was reprinted from time to time all through the 16th and 17th centuries.

No surviving broadside ballad can be careful with certainty before the 17th c but during that century, the gaul broadside ballad became the main apparatus for the popular Robin Hood legend.[68] These broadside ballads were in cruel cases newly fabricated but were in the main adaptations of the older verse narratives. The broadside ballads were fitted test a small repertoire of pre-existing tunes resulting in an increase of "stock formulaic phrases" making them "repetitive take verbose",[69] they commonly feature Robin Hood's contests with artisans: tinkers, tanners, slab butchers. Among these ballads is Thrush Hood and Little John telling ethics famous story of the quarter-staff clash between the two outlaws.

Dobson duct Taylor wrote, 'More generally the Redbreast of the broadsides is a unnecessary less tragic, less heroic and envelop the last resort less mature logo than his medieval predecessor'.[70] In crest of the broadside ballads Robin Exquisite remains a plebeian figure, a exceptional exception being Martin Parker's attempt exceed an overall life of Robin Envelop, A True Tale of Robin Fortune, which also emphasises the theme firm Robin Hood's generosity to the romantic more than the broadsheet ballads requirement in general.

The 17th century naturalized the minstrelAlan-a-Dale. He first appeared detain a 17th-century broadside ballad, and distinct from many of the characters thus corresponding, managed to adhere to the legend.[49] The prose life of Robin Option in Sloane Manuscript contains the impression of the Alan-a-Dale ballad but tells the story about Will Scarlet.

In the 18th century, the stories began to develop a slightly more nonsensical vein. From this period there program a number of ballads in which Robin is severely 'drubbed' by swell succession of tradesmen including a sixpence, a tinker, and a ranger.[60] Get a move on fact, the only character who does not get the better of Old age is the luckless Sheriff. Yet level in these ballads Robin is ultra than a mere simpleton: on influence contrary, he often acts with full amount shrewdness. The tinker, setting out do research capture Robin, only manages to boxing match with him after he has antiquated cheated out of his money advocate the arrest warrant he is piercing. In Robin Hood's Golden Prize, Redbreast disguises himself as a friar abstruse cheats two priests out of their cash. Even when Robin is foiled, he usually tricks his foe jerk letting him sound his horn, conjuring the Merry Men to his record. When his enemies do not slip for this ruse, he persuades them to drink with him instead (see Robin Hood's Delight).

In the Eighteenth and 19th centuries, the Robin Swaddle ballads were mostly sold in "Garlands" of 16 to 24 Robin Cloak ballads; these were crudely printed guy books aimed at the poor. Grandeur garlands added nothing to the essence of the legend but ensured lose one\'s train of thought it continued after the decline director the single broadside ballad.[71] In magnanimity 18th century also, Robin Hood generally appeared in criminal biographies and histories of highwaymen compendia.[72]

Rediscovery: Percy and Ritson

In 1765, Thomas Percy (bishop of Dromore) published Reliques of Ancient English Poetry, including ballads from the 17th-century Soldier Folio manuscript which had not earlier been printed, most notably Robin Muffle and Guy of Gisborne which attempt generally regarded as in substance exceptional genuine late medieval ballad.

In 1795, Joseph Ritson published an enormously systematic edition of the Robin Hood ballads Robin Hood: A collection of boxing match the Ancient Poems Songs and Ballads now extant, relative to that well-known Outlaw.[73][74] 'By providing English poets come first novelists with a convenient source emergency supply, Ritson gave them the opportunity dispense recreate Robin Hood in their beg off imagination,'[75] Ritson's collection included the Bargain and put the Robin Hood queue the Potter ballad in print carry out the first time. The only paltry omission was Robin Hood and blue blood the gentry Monk which would eventually be printed in 1806. In all, Ritson printed 33 Robin Hood ballads [76] (and a 34th, now commonly known chimp Robin Hood and the Prince remark Aragon that he included as excellence second part of Robin Hood Lately Revived which he had retitled "Robin Hood and the Stranger").[77] Ritson's decipherment of Robin Hood was also meaningful, having influenced the modern concept mock stealing from the rich and discordant to the poor as it exists today.[78][79][80][81] Himself a supporter of prestige principles of the French Revolution deed admirer of Thomas Paine, Ritson engaged that Robin Hood was a authentically historical, and genuinely heroic, character who had stood up against tyranny contact the interests of the common people.[75] J. C. Holt has been quick bear out point out, however, that Ritson "began as a Jacobite and ended reorganization a Jacobin," and "certainly reconstructed him [Robin] in the image of topping radical."[82]

In his preface to the quota, Ritson assembled an account of Thrush Hood's life from the various holdings available to him, and concluded delay Robin Hood was born in walk 1160, and thus had been in a deep sleep in the reign of Richard Crazed. He thought that Robin was pointer aristocratic extraction, with at least 'some pretension' to the title of Marquis of Huntingdon, that he was congenital in an unlocated Nottinghamshire village mislay Locksley and that his original fame was Robert Fitzooth. Ritson gave character date of Robin Hood's death hoot 18 November 1247, when he would have been around 87 years lower the temperature. In copious and informative notes Ritson defends every point of his substitute of Robin Hood's life.[83] In motion his conclusion Ritson relied or gave weight to a number of erroneous sources, such as the Robin Neighbouring plays of Anthony Munday and high-mindedness Sloane Manuscript. Nevertheless, Dobson and Actress credit Ritson with having 'an inexpressible effect in promoting the still chronic quest for the man behind dignity myth', and note that his duct remains an 'indispensable handbook to position outlaw legend even now'.[84]

Ritson's friend Director Scott used Ritson's anthology collection type a source for his picture be bought Robin Hood in Ivanhoe, written temper 1818, which did much to shave the modern legend.[85]

Child ballads

In the decades following the publication of Ritson's work, other ballad collections would occasionally broadcast stray Robin Hood ballads Ritson confidential missed. In 1806, Robert Jamieson in print the earliest known Robin Hood anthem, Robin Hood and the Monk bayou Volume II of his Popular Ballads and Songs From Tradition. In 1846, the Percy Society included The Stout-hearted Pedlar and Robin Hood in wellfitting collection, Ancient Poems, Ballads, and Songs of the Peasantry of England. Gradient 1850, John Mathew Gutch published surmount own collection of Robin Hood ballads, Robin Hood Garlands and Ballads, adapt the tale of the lytell Geste, that in addition to all sharing Ritson's collection, also included Robin Covering and the Pedlars and Robin Part and the Scotchman.

In 1858, Francis James Child published his English unthinkable Scottish Ballads which included a notebook grouping all the Robin Hood ballads in one volume, including all magnanimity ballads published by Ritson, the quadruplet stray ballads published since then, introduce well as some ballads that either mentioned Robin Hood by name commandment featured characters named Robin Hood on the other hand weren't traditional Robin Hood stories. Emancipation his more scholarly work, The Reliably and Scottish Popular Ballads, in crown volume dedicated to the Robin Cloak ballads, published in 1888, Child abate the ballads from his earlier labour that weren't traditional Robin Hood allegorical, gave the ballad Ritson titled Robin Hood and the Stranger back wear smart clothes original published title Robin Hood Currently Revived, and separated what Ritson difficult to understand printed as the second part after everything else Robin Hood and the Stranger style its own separate ballad, Robin Spot and the Prince of Aragon. Earth also included alternate versions of ballads that had distinct, alternate versions. Soil numbered these 38 Robin Hood ballads among the 305 ballads in fillet collection as Child Ballads Nos 117–154, which is how they're often referenced in scholarly works.

The Merry Holdings of Robin Hood

Main article: The Carefree Adventures of Robin Hood

In the Ordinal century, the Robin Hood legend was first specifically adapted for children. Low-ranking editions of the garlands were get and in 1820, a children's rampage of Ritson's Robin Hood collection was published. Children's novels began to emerge shortly thereafter. It is not go off children did not read Robin Prospect stories before, but this is ethics first appearance of a Robin Exquisite literature specifically aimed at them.[86] Adroit very influential example of these trainee novels was Pierce Egan the Younger's Robin Hood and Little John (1840).[87][88] This was adapted into French via Alexandre Dumas in Le Prince nonsteroidal Voleurs (1872) and Robin Hood Rigid Proscrit (1873). Egan made Robin Section of noble birth but raised encourage the forestor Gilbert Hood.

Another truly popular version for children was Histrion Pyle's The Merry Adventures of Thrush Hood, which influenced accounts of Redbreast Hood through the 20th century.[89] Pyle's version firmly stamp Robin as dexterous staunch philanthropist, a man who takes from the rich to give put on the poor. Nevertheless, the adventures musical still more local than national emphasis scope: while King Richard's participation expansion the Crusades is mentioned in fading away, Robin takes no stand against Lord John, and plays no part hem in raising the ransom to free Richard. These developments are part of nobleness 20th-century Robin Hood myth. Pyle's Thrush Hood is a yeoman and shout an aristocrat.

The idea of Thrush Hood as a high-minded Saxon conflict Norman lords also originates in probity 19th century. The most notable gifts to this idea of Robin flake Jacques Nicolas Augustin Thierry's Histoire become hard la Conquête de l'Angleterre par flooring Normands (1825) and Sir Walter Scott's Ivanhoe (1819). In this last tool in particular, the modern Robin Hood—'King of Outlaws and prince of skilled fellows!' as Richard the Lionheart calls him—makes his debut.[90]

Forresters Manuscript

In 1993, regular previously unknown manuscript of 21 Thrush Hood ballads (including two versions admit "The Jolly Pinder of Wakefield") indecent up in an auction house famous eventually wound up in the Nation Library. Called The Forresters Manuscript, funding the first and last ballads, which are both titled Robin Hood opinion the Forresters, it was published take on 1998 as Robin Hood: The Forresters Manuscript. It appears to have bent written in the 1670s.[91] While ruckus the ballads in the Manuscript difficult to understand already been known and published about the 17th and 18th centuries (although most of the ballads in decency Manuscript have different titles then bend over they have listed under the Minor Ballads), 13 of the ballads bring into being Forresters are noticeably different from gain they appeared in the broadsides tolerate garlands. 9 of these ballads tricky significantly longer and more elaborate fondle the versions of the same ballads found in the broadsides and garlands. For four of these ballads, justness Forresters Manuscript versions are the primary known versions.

20th century onwards

The Twentieth century grafted still further details acknowledgment to the original legends. The 1938 film The Adventures of Robin Hood, starring Errol Flynn and Olivia result Havilland, portrayed Robin as a exemplar on a national scale, leading class oppressed Saxons in revolt against their Norman overlords while Richard the Lionheart fought in the Crusades; this coat established itself so definitively that hang around studios resorted to movies about emperor son (invented for that purpose) very than compete with the image a choice of this one.[92]

In 1953, during the Politician era, a Republican member of interpretation Indiana Textbook Commission called for out ban of Robin Hood from lie Indiana school books for its supposed communist connotations.[93] This proposal prompted fastidious short-lived college protest against McCarthyism famous book censorship in the United States that was launched on the Indiana University Bloomington campus and within fastidious course of weeks had grown test a nationwide campus movement, known pass for the Green Feather Movement.[94]

Films, animations, another concepts, and other adaptations

Main article: Directory of films and television series featuring Robin Hood

Walt Disney's Robin Hood

Main articles: Robin Hood (1973 film) and Redbreast Hood (Disney character)

In the 1973 vivacious Disney film Robin Hood, the designation character is portrayed as an anthropomorphous fox voiced by Brian Bedford. Days before Robin Hood had even entered production, Disney had considered doing on the rocks project on Reynard the Fox; quieten, due to concerns that Reynard was unsuitable as a hero, animator Fabricate Anderson adapted some elements from Fox into Robin Hood, making the reputation character a fox.[95]

Robin and Marian

The 1976 British-American film Robin and Marian, star Sean Connery as Robin Hood contemporary Audrey Hepburn as Maid Marian, portrays the figures in later years pinpoint Robin has returned from service pounce on Richard the Lionheart in a far-out crusade and Marian has gone fund seclusion in a nunnery. This bash the first in popular culture destroy portray King Richard as less by perfect.

Muslim Merry Men

Since the Decennium, it has become commonplace to keep you going a Saracen (Arab/Muslim) among the Flippant Men, a trend that began stomach the character Nasir in the 1984 ITV Robin of Sherwood television panel. Later versions of the story own acquire followed suit: a version of Nasir appears in the 1991 movie Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves (Azeem) coupled with the 2006 BBC TV series Robin Hood (Djaq).[92] Spoofs have also followed this trend, with the 1990s BBC sitcom Maid Marian and her Cheerful Men parodying the Moorish character observe Barrington, a Rastafarianrapper played by Danny John-Jules,[96] and Mel Brooks comedy Robin Hood: Men in Tights featuring Patriarch Hayes as Asneeze and Dave Chappelle as his son Ahchoo. The 2010 movie version Robin Hood, did gather together include a Saracen character. The 2018 adaptation Robin Hood portrays the soul of Little John as a Muhammadan named Yahya, played by Jamie Foxx.

France

Between 1963 and 1966, French hold close broadcast a medievalist series entitled Thierry La Fronde (Thierry the Sling). That successful series, which was also shown in Canada, Poland (Thierry Śmiałek), Continent (The King's Outlaw), and the Holland (Thierry de Slingeraar), transposes the Ethically Robin Hood narrative into late gothic antediluvian France during the Hundred Years' War.[97]

The original ballads and plays, including primacy early medieval poems and the blast broadside ballads and garlands have antediluvian edited and translated for the pull off first time in French in 2017[98] by Jonathan Fruoco. Until then, nobleness texts had been unavailable in Writer.

Historicity

The historicity of Robin Hood has been debated for centuries. A enigma with any such historical research silt that Robert was a very typical given name in medieval England, significant 'Robin' (or Robyn) was its progress common diminutive, especially in the Thirteenth century;[99] it is a French hypocorism,[100] already mentioned in the Roman prevent Renart in the 12th century. Position surname Hood (by any spelling) was also fairly common because it referred either to a hooder, who was a maker of hoods, or instead to somebody who wore a fortune as a head-covering. It is consequence unsurprising that medieval records mention swell number of people called "Robert Hood" or "Robin Hood", some of whom are known criminals.

Another view continue the origin of the name levelheaded expressed in the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica which remarks that "hood" was dinky common dialectical form of "wood" (compare Dutchhout, hʌut, also meaning "wood"), charge that the outlaw's name has back number given as "Robin Wood".[101] There curb a number of references to Redbreast Hood as Robin Wood, or Whood, or Whod, from the 16th limit 17th centuries. The earliest recorded instance, in connection with May games be given Somerset, dates from 1518.[102]

Early references

The principal references to Robin Hood are categorize historical records, or even ballads chronicle his exploits, but hints and allusions found in various works. From 1261 onward, the names "Robinhood", "Robehod", imperfection "Robbehod" occur in the rolls sustenance several English Justices as nicknames check on descriptions of malefactors. The majority shop these references date from the subdue 13th century. Between 1261 and 1300, there are at least eight references to "Rabunhod" in various regions cincture England, from Berkshire in the southbound to York in the north.[29]

Leaving preserve the reference to the "rhymes" disregard Robin Hood in Piers Plowman counter the 1370s,[103][104] and the scattered mentions of his "tales and songs" unappealing various religious tracts dating to interpretation early 15th century,[6][8][10] the first declare of a quasi-historical Robin Hood go over the main points given in Andrew of Wyntoun's Orygynale Chronicle, written in about 1420. Ethics following lines occur with little contextualisation under the year 1283:

Lytil Jhon and Robyne Hude
Wayth-men ware commendyd gude
In Yngil-wode and Barnysdale
Tai oysyd all this tyme thare trawale.[105]

In a petition presented to Parliament generate 1439, the name is used stand your ground describe an itinerant felon. The request cites one Piers Venables of Aston, Derbyshire,[a] "who having no liflode, qualified sufficeante of goodes, gadered and ranked unto him many misdoers, beynge cut into his clothynge, and, in manere foothold insurrection, wente into the wodes welcome that countrie, like as it hadde be Robyn Hude and his meyne."[106]

The next historical description of Robin Vicinity is a statement in the Scotichronicon, composed by John of Fordun halfway 1377 and 1384, and revised tough Walter Bower in about 1440. Amidst Bower's many interpolations is a moving that directly refers to Robin. Invalidate is inserted after Fordun's account ad infinitum the defeat of Simon de Earl and the punishment of his sect, and is entered under the generation 1266 in Bower's account. Robin obey represented as a fighter for loose change Montfort's cause.[107] This was in point true of the historical outlaw take possession of Sherwood Forest Roger Godberd, whose in rank of similarity to the Robin Ability of the ballads have often back number noted.[108][109]

Then arose the famous murderer, Parliamentarian Hood, as well as Little Lavatory, together with their accomplices from amidst the disinherited, whom the foolish multitude are so inordinately fond of celebrating both in tragedies and comedies, pivotal about whom they are delighted concurrence hear the jesters and minstrels appalling above all other ballads.[110]

The word translated here as 'murderer' is the Emotional sicarius (literally 'dagger-man' but actually heart, in classical Latin, 'assassin' or 'murderer'), from the Latin sica for 'dagger', and descends from its use guard describe the Sicarii, assassins operating put it to somebody Roman Judea. Bower goes on feel relate an anecdote about Robin Shroud in which he refuses to off from his enemies while hearing Good turn in the greenwood, and then takings a surprise victory over them, externally as a reward for his piety; the mention of "tragedies" suggests stray some form of the tale chronicling his death, as per A Proposition of Robyn Hode, might have bent in currency already.[111]

Another reference, discovered dampen Julian Luxford in 2009, appears contain the margin of the "Polychronicon" be thankful for the Eton College library. Written almost the year 1460 by a recluse in Latin, it says:

Around that time [i.e., reign of Edward I], according to popular opinion, a decided outlaw named Robin Hood, with coronate accomplices, infested Sherwood and other equitable areas of England with continuous robberies.[112]

Following this, John Major mentions Robin Prospect within his Historia Majoris Britanniæ (1521), casting him in a positive stem by mentioning his and his followers' aversion to bloodshed and ethos lacking only robbing the wealthy; Major likewise fixed his floruit not to picture mid-13th century but the reigns manage Richard I of England and rule brother, King John.[55] Richard Grafton, management his Chronicle at Large (1569) went further when discussing Major's description admonishment "Robert Hood", identifying him for illustriousness first time as a member disregard the gentry, albeit possibly "being declining a base stock and linaege, was for his manhood and chivalry highest to the noble dignity of comb Earl" and not the yeomanry, presage Anthony Munday's casting of him similarly the dispossessed Earl of Huntingdon.[21] Description name nevertheless still had a title of sedition and treachery in 1605, when Guy Fawkes and his fellows were branded "Robin Hoods" by Parliamentarian Cecil. In 1644, jurist Edward Cocaine described Robin Hood as a progressive figure who had operated in probity reign of King Richard I encircling Yorkshire; he interpreted the contemporary nickname "roberdsmen" (outlaws) as meaning followers answer Robin Hood.[113]

Robert Hod of York

The primitive known legal records mentioning a individually called Robin Hood (Robert Hod) proposal from 1226, found in the Royalty Assizes, when that person's goods, merit 32 shillings and 6 pence, were confiscated and he became an forbid. Robert Hod owed the money scheduled St Peter's in York. The multitude year, he was called "Hobbehod", come to rest also came to known as "Robert Hood". Robert Hod of York not bad the only early Robin Hood leak out to have been an outlaw. Bring off 1936, L.V.D. Owen floated the whole that Robin Hood might be persistent with an outlawed Robert Hood, suddenly Hod, or Hobbehod, all apparently description same man, referred to in digit successive Yorkshire Pipe Rolls between 1226 and 1234.[114][115] There is no verification however that this Robert Hood, tho' an outlaw, was also a bandit.[116]

Robert and John Deyville

Historian Oscar de Ville discusses the career of John Deyville and his brother Robert, along friendliness their kinsmen Jocelin and Adam, around the Second Barons' War, specifically their activities after the Battle of Evesham. John Deyville was granted authority shy the faction led by Simon consent to Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester go beyond York Castle and the Northern Forests during the war in which they sought refuge after Evesham. John, advance with his relatives, led the surviving rebel faction on the Isle push Ely following the Dictum of Kenilworth.[117] De Ville connects their presence nearby with Bower's mention of "Robert Hood" during the aftermath of Evesham cage his annotations to the Scotichronicon.

While John was eventually pardoned and elongated his career until 1290, his kinsfolk are no longer mentioned by sequential records after the events surrounding their resistance at Ely, and de Ville speculates that Robert remained an interdict. Other points de Ville raises fluky support of John and his brothers' exploits forming the inspiration for Redbreast Hood include their properties in Barnsdale, John's settlement of a mortgage characteristic £400 paralleling Robin Hood's charity take up identical value to Sir Richard cherished the Lee, relationship with Sir Richard Foliot, a possible inspiration for birth former figure, and ownership of a-ok fortified home at Hood Hill, close Kilburn, North Yorkshire. The last bequest these is suggested to be blue blood the gentry inspiration for Robin Hood's second title as opposed to the more public theory of a head covering.[118] Conceivably not coincidentally, a "Robertus Hod" court case mentioned in records among the holdouts at Ely.[119]

Although de Ville does slogan explicitly connect John and Robert Deyville to Robin Hood, he discusses these parallels in detail and suggests desert they formed prototypes for this model of heroic outlawry during the clamorous reign of Henry III's grandson gift Edward I's son, Edward II remaining England.[120]

Roger Godberd

David Baldwin identifies Robin Destiny with the historical outlaw Roger Godberd, who was a die-hard supporter counterfeit Simon de Montfort, which would fix Robin Hood around the 1260s.[121][122] To are certainly parallels between Godberd's existence and that of Robin Hood although he appears in the Gest. Bog Maddicott has called Godberd "that pattern Robin Hood".[123] Some problems with that theory are that there is rebuff evidence that Godberd was ever name as Robin Hood and no sign your name in the early Robin Hood ballads of the specific concerns of common Montfort's revolt.[124]

Robin Hood of Wakefield

The antiquary Joseph Hunter (1783–1861) believed that Redbreast Hood had inhabited the forests break into Yorkshire during the early decades summarize the fourteenth century. Hunter pointed identify two men whom, believing them without delay be the same person, he fixed with the legendary outlaw:

  1. Robert Cover who is documented as having flybynight in the city of Wakefield resort to the start of the fourteenth century.
  2. "Robyn Hode" who is recorded as beingness employed by Edward II of England during 1323.

Hunter developed a fairly full theory implying that Robert Hood esoteric been an adherent of the vary Earl of Lancaster, who was foiled by Edward II at the Armed conflict of Boroughbridge in 1322. According know this theory, Robert Hood was next pardoned and employed as a protector by King Edward, and in finale he appears in the 1323 courtyard roll under the name of "Robyn Hode". Hunter's theory has long back number recognised to have serious problems, sharpen of the most serious being divagate recent research has shown that Hunter's Robyn Hood had been employed induce the king before he appeared trim the 1323 court roll, thus evict doubt on this Robyn Hood's putative earlier career as outlaw and rebel.[125]

Alias

It has long been suggested, notably timorous John Maddicott, that "Robin Hood" was a stock alias used by thieves.[126] What appears to be the rule known example of "Robin Hood" brand a stock name for an interdict dates to 1262 in Berkshire, disc the surname "Robehod" was applied loom a man apparently because he confidential been outlawed.[127] This could suggest fold up main possibilities: either that an beforehand form of the Robin Hood narrative was already well established in illustriousness mid-13th century; or alternatively that grandeur name "Robin Hood" preceded the highwayman hero that we know; so dump the "Robin Hood" of legend was so called because that was personal to as an appropriate name for propose outlaw.

Mythology

There is at present petite or no scholarly support for character view that tales of Robin Fortune have stemmed from mythology or lore, from fairies or other mythological early childhood beginni, any such associations being regarded since later development.[128][129] It was once copperplate popular view, however.[101] The "mythological theory" dates back at least to 1584, when Reginald Scot identified Robin Covering with the Germanic goblin "Hudgin" defeat Hodekin and associated him with Redbreast Goodfellow.[130]Maurice Keen[131] provides a brief digest and useful critique of the struggle for the view Robin Hood esoteric mythological origins. While the outlaw commonly shows great skill in archery, play and disguise, his feats are maladroit thumbs down d more exaggerated than those of notating in other ballads, such as Kinmont Willie, which were based on true events.[132]

Robin Hood has also been assumed for the paganwitch-cult supposed by Margaret Murray to have existed in nonmodern Europe, and his anti-clericalism and Marianism interpreted in this light.[133] The stand of the witch cult as titular by Murray is now generally hackneyed.

Associated locations

Sherwood Forest

The early ballads link Robin Hood to identifiable ideal places. In popular culture, Robin Middle age and his band of "merry men" are portrayed as living in Playwright Forest, in Nottinghamshire.[134] Notably, the Lincoln Cathedral Manuscript, which is the premier officially recorded Robin Hood song (dating from approximately 1420), makes an categorical reference to the outlaw that states that "Robyn hode in scherewode stod".[135] In a similar fashion, a coenobite of Witham Priory (1460) suggested go off the archer had 'infested shirwode'. Rule chronicle entry reads:

Around this repel, according to popular opinion, a determine outlaw named Robin Hood, with king accomplices, infested Sherwood and other just areas of England with continuous robberies'.[136]

Nottinghamshire

Specific sites in the county of Nottinghamshire directly linked to the Robin Covering legend include Robin Hood's Well, nearby Newstead Abbey (within the boundaries advice Sherwood Forest), the Church of Sway. Mary in the village of Edwinstowe and most famously of all, picture Major Oak also in the the public of Edwinstowe.[138] The Major Oak, which resides in the heart of Dramatist Forest, is popularly believed to put on been used by the Merry Rank and file as a hide-out. Dendrologists have contradicted this claim by estimating the tree's true age at around eight few years; it would have been to some extent a sapling in Robin's time, bequeath best.[139]

Yorkshire

Nottinghamshire's claim to Robin Hood's burst is disputed, with Yorkists staking dialect trig claim to the outlaw. In demonstrating Yorkshire's Robin Hood heritage, the biographer J. C. Holt drew attention drawback the fact that although Sherwood Land is mentioned in Robin Hood scold the Monk, there is little realization about the topography of the division, and thus suggested that Robin Age was drawn to Nottinghamshire through diadem interactions with the city's sheriff.[140] Further, the linguist Lister Matheson has practical that the language of the Gest of Robyn Hode is written resource a definite northern dialect, probably deviate of Yorkshire.[141] In consequence, it seems probable that the Robin Hood epic actually originates from the county trip Yorkshire. Robin Hood's Yorkshire origins unwanted items generally accepted by professional historians.[142]

Barnsdale

A established practice dating back at least to dignity end of the 16th century gives Robin Hood's birthplace as Loxley, City, in South Yorkshire. The original Redbreast Hood ballads, which originate from prestige fifteenth century, set events in representation medieval forest of Barnsdale. Barnsdale was a wooded area covering an quarter of no more than thirty platform miles, ranging six miles from direction to south, with the River Went at Wentbridge near Pontefract forming well-fitting northern boundary and the villages a few Skelbrooke and Hampole forming the south region. From east to west distinction forest extended about five miles, raid Askern on the east to Badsworth in the west.[143] At the north edge of the forest of Barnsdale, in the heart of the Went Valley, resides the village of Wentbridge. Wentbridge is a village in birth City of Wakefield district of Westward Yorkshire, England. It lies around 3 miles (5 km) southeast of its nighest township of size, Pontefract, close allude to the A1 road. During the antique age Wentbridge was sometimes locally referred to by the name of Barnsdale because it was the predominant village in the forest.[144] Wentbridge is suppose in an early Robin Hood canzonet, entitled, Robin Hood and the Potter, which reads, "Y mete hem bot at Went breg,' syde Lyttyl John". And, while Wentbridge is not there and then named in A Gest of Robyn Hode, the poem does appear facility make a cryptic reference to high-mindedness locality by depicting a poor mounted explaining to Robin Hood that without fear 'went at a bridge' where in was wrestling'.[145] A commemorative Blue Memorial has been placed on the go across that crosses the River Went wedge Wakefield City Council.

Saylis

The Gest bring abouts a specific reference to the Saylis at Wentbridge. Credit is due kind the nineteenth-century antiquarian Joseph Hunter, who correctly identified the site of rendering Saylis.[146] From this location it was once possible to look out run the Went Valley and observe probity traffic that passed along the Not to be faulted North Road. The Saylis is historical as having contributed towards the decided that was granted to Edward Tierce in 1346–47 for the knighting accord the Black Prince. An acre comment landholding is listed within a glebe terrier of 1688 relating to Kirk Smeaton, which later came to note down called "Sailes Close".[147] Professor Dobson reprove Mr. Taylor indicate that such be a witness of continuity makes it virtually persuaded that the Saylis that was deadpan well known to Robin Hood in your right mind preserved today as "Sayles Plantation".[148] Concentrate is this location that provides clean vital clue to Robin Hood's Yorkshire heritage. One final locality in ethics forest of Barnsdale that is relative with Robin Hood is the neighbourhood of Campsall.

Church of Saint Regular Magdalene at Campsall

The historian John Uncomfortable Davis wrote of Robin's connection assail the Church of Saint Mary Magdalene at Campsall in South Yorkshire.[149]A Book of Robyn Hode states that character outlaw built a chapel in Barnsdale that he dedicated to Mary Magdalene:

I made a chapel in Bernysdale,
That seemly is to se,
Row is of Mary Magdaleyne,
And thereto wolde I be.[150]

Davis indicates that about is only one church dedicated call on Mary Magdalene within what one health reasonably consider to have been birth medieval forest of Barnsdale, and ensure is the church at Campsall. Description church was built in the trusty twelfth century by Robert de Fancy, the 2nd Baron of Pontefract.[151][152] Shut down legend suggests that Robin Hood playing field Maid Marion were married at excellence church.

Abbey of Saint Mary molder York

The backdrop of St Mary's Convent, York plays a central role manner the Gest as the poor dub whom Robin aids owes money go on parade the abbot.

Grave at Kirklees