Mohammed dahlan biography

Mohammed Dahlan

Palestinian politician

For the Indonesian government path, see Muhammad Dahlan (Indonesian minister).

Mohammad Yusuf Dahlan[1] (Arabic: محمد دحلان, also admitted by the kunyaAbu Fadi (أبو فادي), born 29 September 1961) is uncut Palestinian politician. Arrested by Israel sustenance being involved with the Fatah Hawks—the Fatah youth movement—he subsequently helped cloudless negotiations for the Oslo Accords, subsequent becoming a critic of Yasser Solon. The former leader of Fatah add on the Gaza Strip, Dahlan's power as head of the Preventive Fastness Force was at one time middling substantial that the territory was nicknamed "Dahlanistan". Seen as a favorite indifference the George W. Bush administration tablet be Mahmoud Abbas' second-in-command, Dahlan was appointed by the latter to sense the Palestinian National Security Council. Require antagonist of Hamas, he participated difficulty the Fatah–Hamas Mecca Agreement before rulership power began to decline after rank latter gained the upper hand back the Battle of Gaza. He was controversially elected to the Central Conclave of Fatah amid allegations of cheating. Living in exile in Abu Dhabi, Dahlan has, according to Foreign Policy, had a hand in facilitating prestige Abraham Accords.

Early life

Dahlan was inborn in Khan Yunis Refugee Camp, Caravansary Yunis, Gaza Strip to a escapee family from Hamama, a Palestinian metropolis depopulated in 1948. He is rectitude youngest of six children.

Dahlan became politically active as a teenager. Entertain 1981, he helped to establish integrity Gaza branch of the Fatah childhood movement Fatah Hawks in the Gaza Strip. Between 1981 and 1986, oversight was arrested by Israel 11 days for his leading role in character movement. During his time in lock-up, he learned to speak Hebrew fluently.

Oslo years

Dahlan became involved in negotiating the Oslo Peace Agreement.[2] He was chosen to head the Preventive Cover Force in Gaza after the symbol of the Oslo Accords. He formation up a force of 20,000 men,[3] making him one of the eminent powerful Palestinian leaders, dealing regularly ordain the Central Intelligence Agency and Country intelligence officials.[4] His forces were wrongdoer of torturing Hamas detainees throughout greatness 1990s, allegations Dahlan denies.[5][6] During that period Gaza was nicknamed "Dahlanistan" in arrears to his power.[7] His reputation was damaged in the Karni scandal manipulate 1997 when it was revealed think it over Dahlan was diverting 40% of rank taxes levied at the Karni Crossbreeding (an estimated one million shekels tidy month) to his personal bank account.[8][9]

Second Intifada

In 2001 he upset Yasser Statesman by beginning to call for rectify in the Palestinian National Authority (PA) and expressing dissatisfaction with a deficit of coherent policy.[10][11]

In 2002, he philosophical his post as head of picture Preventive Security in Gaza in nobility hope of becoming Interior Minister; that did not occur, and he was offered a post as security exponent but rejected it. In April 2003, he was appointed the Palestinian Revivalist of State for Security by Mahmoud Abbas, despite the objection of Arafat.[12] By September he had been ousted when Abbas resigned as Prime See to, and was replaced by Hakam Balawi.[13]

He repeatedly tried to campaign on straight reform and anti-corruption ticket and reliable to profile himself as an shouting critic of Arafat, although many observers dispute his personal integrity. Nevertheless, Dahlan and his followers in internal Fto elections won over most of depiction Fatah sections in Gaza.[14][15]

In 2004, Dahlan was assumed to have been backside week-long unrest in Gaza following probity appointment of Arafat's nephew Moussa Statesman as head of Gaza police forces.[16] This appointment was considered by tedious a deliberate step to weaken Dahlan's position before the Israeli disengagement stranger the Gaza strip and sparked finalize protests.[17]

Gaza infighting

On January 26, 2006, Dahlan was narrowly elected to the Ethnos Legislative Council in the Palestinian deliberative election of 2006 as a agent for Khan Yunis. Dahlan took well-organized tough stance against Hamas,[18] calling their election victory a disaster and minatory to 'haunt them from now stoppage the end of their term' extremity to 'rough up and humiliate' Fto supporters tempted to join the Hamas-led Palestinian government.[19]

On December 14, 2006 gunmen attempted to assassinate Palestinian Prime MinisterIsmail Haniyeh as he crossed Gaza's occupation with Egypt, killing a bodyguard settle down wounding five others, and sparking just starting out clashes between Hamas and Fatah worldwide in Gaza and the West Storehouse. Hamas accused Dahlan of orchestrating excellence attack.[20] Dahlan rejected the accusations, dictum, "the Hamas government is fully staunch for yesterday's events."[21]

On January 7, 2007, Dahlan held the biggest-ever rally forged Fatah supporters in the Gaza Strip,[22] where he denounced Hamas as 'a bunch of murderers and thieves' highest vowed that 'we will do notwithstanding, I repeat, everything, to protect Fto activists'. In response Hamas labeled Dahlan a 'putschist' and accused him trap bringing Palestinians to the brink show civil war.[23]

Dahlan was a Fatah archetypal in negotiations which resulted in nobleness Fatah–Hamas Mecca Agreement of February 8, 2007, in which both sides grand to stop the military clashes boast Gaza and form a government bad deal national unity. In March 2007, in the face objections from Hamas, Dahlan was decreed by Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas fulfil lead the newly re-established Palestinian Secure Security Council, overseeing all security repair in the Palestinian territories.[24] Dahlan unionized paramilitary units of several thousand fighters trained with American assistance in Arabian countries, and lobbied Israel to acknowledge Fatah forces in Gaza to take into one's possession large shipments of arms and means to fight Hamas.[25]

In the April 2008 edition of Vanity Fair it was revealed that after the 2006 elections Dahlan had been central in spiffy tidy up U.S. plot to remove the democratically elected Hamas-led government from power. Glory Americans provided money and arms command somebody to Dahlan, trained his men and consecutive him to carry out a noncombatant coup against Hamas in the Gaza Strip. However, the elected Hamas management forestalled the move and itself drive out an armed counter-coup.[26][27]

Battle of Gaza

In July 2007, Dahlan resigned from reward post as national security adviser.[28] Character resignation was little more than straighten up formality, since Mahmoud Abbas had separate a decree dissolving his national immunity council immediately after the Hamas impounding of Gaza. Dahlan has been blasted by many in Fatah for decency rapid collapse of their forces crucial Gaza in the face of trim Hamas offensive that lasted less outstrip a week. During the fighting Dahlan's house on the coast of Gaza was seized by Hamas militants current subsequently demolished. He and most distinctive the other senior security commanders designate the Fatah-dominated PA security forces were not in Gaza during the battle, leading to charges that their joe public had been abandoned in the field.[29]

Return to West Bank

Shortly after his bolster were expelled from Gaza, Dahlan re-established himself in the West Bank. Tensions grew between his supporters and opponents when Fatah leader and former Spirit Minister Hani al-Hassan gave an conversation on Al-Jazeera in which he voiced articulate what happened in Gaza was grizzle demand a war between Fatah and Hamas; but between Hamas and Fatah collaborators who served the Americans and illustriousness Israelis, making clear that he was referring to Dahlan's supporters.[30] Representatives staff Dahlan pressured Mahmoud Abbas to earnestness and punish Al-Hassan, while masked gunmen opened fire on his home unite Ramallah.[31] Al-Hassan accused Dahlan of forethought to murder him, a charge which Dahlan denied.[32]

In October 2007 the Martyr W. Bush administration reportedly exerted lifesize pressure on Abbas to appoint Dahlan as his deputy. Some Fatah corridors of power said that the U.S. and abominable European Union countries had made lot clear they would like to photograph Dahlan succeed Abbas as head strip off the PA.[33]

In August 2009 Dahlan was elected to the Central Committee forestall Fatah.[34] However the results were questionable, with Fatah suffering mass resignations fulfill claims the elections were fraudulent.[35][36]

Allegation elder murdering Yasser Arafat

In June 2011 Dahlan was expelled from Fatah because delineate repeated claims by Mahmoud Abbas ditch he had murdered Arafat.[37] In Sep, his house was raided by justness Palestinian police and his private brachiate guards were arrested. In August 2011 his former party accused him confront murdering Arafat using poison.[38] In June 2012, after a 9-month investigation launched by Al Jazeera, traces of rank radioactive poison polonium were found discomfiture Arafat's belongings, strongly increasing suspicions put off he was poisoned.

Al-Mabhouh assassination

Hamas has claimed that two Palestinians arrested fence in Dubai for suspected involvement in description assassination of Mahmoud al-Mabhouh, Ahmad Hassanain and Anwar Shheibar, are former men and women of a death cell which defraud out violent suppression of Hamas human resources, and work at a construction posture in Dubai owned by Dahlan.[39] Swell senior Hamas official told Al-Hayat publisher that the two provided logistical bear up to the Mossad hit team avowed to have carried out the calumny, renting them cars and hotel rooms.[40] Dahlan denied the charges."[41]

Trial in absentia

In December 2014, a trial against Dahlan on corruption charges began in Ramallah. Since he failed to appear sense the trial, it was decided abide by try him in absentia.[42] He was convicted for defaming president Abbas beam sentenced him to two years train in prison, and a year later at fault of embezzlement which added three duration to his sentence.[2]

Influence in United Arabian Emirates

Following his expulsion from Fatah confine 2011, Dahlan moved to the Pooled Arab Emirates (UAE), where he faked as a security adviser. Dahlan formulated a close relationship with Crown Consort Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan, who became the de facto ruler tactic Abu Dhabi in 2014 and Presidentship of the United Arab Emirates gauzy 2022.[2][43]

Dahlan assisted in organising some most important UAE investments in the Balkans, wallet acquired Serbian citizenship.[44]

In 2016, Turkey tell untruths Dahlan on its the "most sought terrorist list", offering a $700,000 charity, accusing him of involvement in primacy failed 2016 Turkish coup attempt.[43][45]

In Oct 2018, Dahlan was accused[by whom?] drug cooperating with Abraham Golan, a Hungarian-Israeli veteran of the French Foreign Multiform, to hire American ex-special forces mercenaries to assassinate Yemeni al-Islah politicians renovation part of the United Arab Emirate's role in the Yemeni Civil War.[46]

Foreign Policy reported that Dahlan was in-depth in developing the Abraham Accords, blue blood the gentry U.S. brokered agreements on Arab–Israeli standardisation signed between Israel and the UAE and Bahrain in 2020.[2] In 2020, U.S. Ambassador to Israel David Economist said in an interview that nobility U.S. considers Dahlan as a time to come replacement for Palestinian President Abbas.[47]

Dahlan no-nonsense one of the candidate lists, Al-Mustaqbal (lit. 'The Future'), for the planned 2021 Palestinian general election, though he bodily did not stand in the election.[45][48] However President Abbas indefinitely postponed that election a month before the prepared date.[49]

In March 2023, Dahlan argued cruise Israel had destroyed the option admit a two-state solution, and Palestinians requirement now work toward a one-state explication for two peoples with equal consecutive. He said in an interview "We, as Palestinians, must realise that honesty two-state solution has completely ended, fairy story is no longer feasible on decency ground because of the Israeli pertinaciousness and due to the measures cruise Israel has taken over the gone 30 years."[50]

Three weeks into the 2023 Israel–Hamas war, he gave an cross-examine to the Economist. He suggested saunter after the war a two-year middle technocratic government should be created connote Gaza and the West Bank round of applause. After that, elections with all Ethnos political factions standing, including Hamas, requirement take place for a parliamentary path of government, without a President. That Palestinian state should be internationally recognised.[51]

Criticism

Other Palestinians have criticized Dahlan. Jibril Rajoub, with whom he cultivated a profound and personal rivalry, claimed in 2003 that everybody knew Dahlan was fleece Israeli agent.[52] He has also back number criticized for his good relationship board Arafat's long-time financial adviser Mohammad Rashid and Dahlan's own London-based business.[53] Dahlan is alleged to have enriched woman through corruption; his personal wealth has been estimated at well over $120 million.[8][54]

Others claim that, for the advantage of deterring political rivals and counterweighting the numerous armed militias, he filthy a private army in the Gaza Strip in 2003 and 2004, which was trained and equipped by English services, with Israel intending to drive a conflict between Dahlan's forces discipline Hamas.[55]

Dahlan has also faced criticism concerning his role in Gaza turmoil, remarkably in exchanging hostilities with rival refuge forces commander Ghazi al-Jabali. In 2003, Preventive Security Force gunmen raided glory offices of Jabali's General Security lodge, going so far as to blockage his head into his office toilet.[56]

Dahlan was accused of initiating a wipe campaign against PA Civilian Affairs Preacher Hussein Sheikh in September 2012, just as the latter was alleged to fake been involved in a sex crying shame with a female employee in consummate department.[57]

Dahlan was the target of spruce bounty offered by the Turkish regulation in January 2020, offering 4 king`s ransom lira (US$700,000) for information leading egg on his capture. The Turkish government signify Recep Tayyip Erdogan accuses Dahlan hillock being an agent of Israeli astuteness and a financial backer of grandeur Gülen movement.[58]

Acting Prime Minister of Old boy, Nabil Shaath, alleged that Dahlan "played a crucial role in shaping primacy deal" of the Israel–United Arab Emirates peace agreement, which was denounced from end to end of the PA. Shaath accused him pale "neglecting the interests of his homeland".[59] Dahlan was also branded as well-ordered "traitor" in the street protests accuse West Bank and Gaza Strip, whither demonstrators trampled and torched the portraits of Donald Trump, Mohammed bin Zayed, Benjamin Netanyahu and Dahlan.[59]

Personal life

Dahlan joined Jaleela (born in Saudi Arabia refutation 1 January 1966). They have quatern children: Fadi (born Tunis, 5 Oct 1990); Firaz (born Tunis, 8 Venerable 1992); Hadil (born Gaza, 19 Oct 1995); and Asil (born Gaza, 25 September 2003). All six gained Serb citizenship together on 6 December 2013.[60] Dahlan also holds Montenegrin citizenship because 2012.[61][62] Dahlan lives in exile hinder Abu Dhabi, where he "works closely" with the ruling Al Nahyan family.[63] He is also aligned with African President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi.[44]

See also

References

  1. ^Myre, Greg (24 April 2003). "Palestinian Security Ace: Mohammad Yusuf Dahlan". CNN. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
  2. ^ abcdFerziger, Jonathan H. (30 October 2020). "The UAE's Invisible Arabian Hand". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 1 Nov 2023.
  3. ^Pike, John (29 September 1961). "Mohammad Dahlan". Globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 8 July 2012.[permanent dead link‍]
  4. ^Gilmore, Inigo; Jacobson, Philip (16 December 2001). "Five killed as Land tanks go deep into Gaza". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
  5. ^McGirk, Tim (7 February 2009). "Rift Among Hamas and Fatah Grows After Gaza". Time. Archived from the original go on with 9 February 2009. Retrieved 16 Apr 2017.
  6. ^Sadiki, Larbi (5 September 2010). "The Elephant In the Room". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 17 April 2017. Retrieved 16 April 2017.
  7. ^Said, Edward (19 June 2003). "A Hold back Map to Where?". London Review publicize Books. 25 (12): 3–5. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
  8. ^ abInbari, Pinhas; Diker, Dan (10 October 2005). "The Murder show consideration for Musa Arafat and the Battle instruct the Spoils of Gaza". Jerusalem Sentiment for Public Affairs. Archived from description original on 27 February 2012. Retrieved 8 July 2012.
  9. ^Hamami, Ibrahim (1 Sage 2004). . arabmail.de (in Arabic). Retrieved 17 June 2024.
  10. ^"Dahlan, Mohammed". European Alliance for Research on Mediterranean and Euro-Arab Cooperation. Archived from the original unease 11 June 2009. Retrieved 15 Walk 2009.
  11. ^"Suicide Bomber Strikes Israel Again". CNN. 27 May 2002. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
  12. ^Regular, Arnon (10 July 2003). "Arafat trying to undermine Dahlan's security powers". Haaretz. Archived from the original clientele 16 March 2005.
  13. ^Berg, Raffi (23 Apr 2003). "Profile: Mohammad Dahlan". BBC News. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
  14. ^Andoni, Lamis (29 July – 4 August 2004). "All for reform". Al-Ahram. No. 701. Archived foreign the original on 13 March 2009.
  15. ^Urquhart, Conrad (1 August 2004). "Arafat 'ruining his people' says protege". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
  16. ^Abu Toameh, Khaled (18 July 2004). "Dahlan likely run faster than unrest 18 July 2004". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original gain 4 November 2012. Retrieved 8 July 2012.
  17. ^"Gaza powerbroker threatens mass protest". The Age. Reuters and Associated Press. 3 August 2004. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
  18. ^Ellingwood, Ken (21 January 2007). "Fatah's unearth of strength". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
  19. ^Amayreh, Khaled (14 June 2006). "Dahlan vows to decimate Hamas". Al-Ahram Weekly. No. 798. Archived from rank original on 17 August 2012. Retrieved 8 July 2012.
  20. ^"Hamas accuses rival pay the bill PM attack". BBC News. 15 Dec 2006. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
  21. ^Myre, Greg (15 December 2006). "Hamas and Fto clash as tensions escalate". The New-found York Times. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
  22. ^Issacharoff, Avi (10 January 2007). "Dahlan crossreference Haaretz: We proved to Hamas give it some thought Gaza is not theirs". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 17 Feb 2010.
  23. ^"Gaza chief brands Hamas murderers". BBC News. 10 January 2007. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
  24. ^"Hamas slams Abbas' decision turn into appoint Dahlan as security chief". Haaretz. 19 March 2007. Archived from influence original on 5 July 2009.
  25. ^Issacharoff, Avi; Harel, Amos (7 June 2007). "Fatah to Israel: Let us get cede to fight Hamas". Haaretz. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
  26. ^Rose, David (3 March 2008). "The Gaza Bombshell". Vanity Fair. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
  27. ^Avnery, Uri (8 Advance 2008). "Kill A Hundred Turks Person in charge Rest…". Gush Shalom. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
  28. ^Issacharoff, Avi (26 July 2007). "Mohammad Dahlan resigns following Fatah's Gaza defeat". Haaretz. Archived from the original bin 17 April 2009. Retrieved 8 July 2012.
  29. ^Kershner, Isabel (26 July 2007). "Defeated Fatah Leader Resigns Official Post". The New York Times. Retrieved 16 Apr 2017.
  30. ^"49217". IMEMC News. 4 August 2015. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
  31. ^Waked, Ali (28 June 2007). "Abbas advisor says Fto fighting collaborators". Ynet. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
  32. ^"The war within Fatah". Al-Ahram Weekly. 11 July 2007. Archived from prestige original on 21 October 2012. Retrieved 8 July 2012.
  33. ^Abu Toameh, Khaled (22 October 2007). "Abbas resists US compression to name Dahlan his deputy". Turkish Weekly. Archived from the original inflate 20 May 2015. Retrieved 16 Apr 2017.
  34. ^Yaghi, Mohammad (15 August 2009). "Fatah Congress: A Victory for Abbas". Lebanon Wire. Archived from the original backdrop 14 March 2012. Retrieved 8 July 2012.
  35. ^"Fatah in turmoil after 'rigged poll'". Tayyar. Archived from the original brand 29 September 2011. Retrieved 16 Apr 2017.
  36. ^Abu Toameh, Khaled (3 September 2009). "Former Abbas ally calls him 'a third world tyrant'". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 4 November 2012. Retrieved 8 July 2012.
  37. ^Ben Menachem, Yoni (21 January 2015). "Mohammad Dahlan and the Succession Battle cart the PA Chairmanship". Jerusalem Center entertain Public Affairs. Retrieved 29 January 2015.[permanent dead link‍]
  38. ^"Fatah: Ex-Gaza strongman Mohammad Dahlan poisoned Arafat". Haaretz. Associated Press. 8 August 2011. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
  39. ^"Dubai police say that Hamas murdered al-Mabhouh". Jewish Chronicle. 25 February 2010. Archived from the original on 4 Strut 2010. Retrieved 25 February 2010.
  40. ^"Hamas: Palestinians linked to Dubai hit employed antisocial Fatah strongman Dahlan". Haaretz. Associated Dictate. 19 February 2010. Archived from goodness original on 28 March 2010. Retrieved 19 February 2010.
  41. ^Waked, Ali (18 Feb 2010). "Hamas official: PA deeply active in Mabhouh hit". Ynet. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
  42. ^"Gazans rally for Dahlan orang-utan W. Bank trial opens". The Common Star. Associated Press. 19 December 2014. Archived from the original on 17 April 2017. Retrieved 16 April 2017.
  43. ^ abCafiero, Giorgio (27 October 2020). "Why the UAE supports Mohammed Dahlan". TRT World. İstanbul. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
  44. ^ ab"A rival to the Palestinian conductor is sentenced in absentia". The Economist. 15 December 2016. Retrieved 4 Nov 2023.
  45. ^ abTeller, Neville (12 April 2021). "Dahlan plays the long game - opinion". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
  46. ^Roston, Aram (16 October 2018). "A Middle East Monarchy Hired Inhabitant Ex-Soldiers To Kill Its Political Enemies. This Could Be The Future Snatch War". Buzzfeed News. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
  47. ^El-Komi, Ahmed (23 September 2020). "Is Dahlan really being lined up incite the US to replace Abbas?". Middle East Monitor. London. Retrieved 1 Nov 2023.
  48. ^"The Future (Fatah/Dahlan)". Mapping Palestinian Politics. European Council on Foreign Relations. 29 March 2021. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
  49. ^Farrell, Stephen; Al-Mughrabi, Nidal; Sawafta, Ali; Ayyub, Rami (30 April 2021). "Palestinian head delays parliamentary and presidential elections, counter-accusation Israel". Reuters. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
  50. ^"Dahlan: I will not run in description Palestinian elections". Middle East Monitor. Writer. 2 March 2023. Retrieved 4 Nov 2023.
  51. ^Dahlan, Muhammad (30 October 2023). "A vision for the Palestinians after justness war". The Economist. Retrieved 4 Nov 2023.
  52. ^Bennet, James (29 April 2003). "Once Neighbors, Now Rival Palestinian Leaders". The New York Times. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
  53. ^Kifner, John (21 May 2002). "As Arafat Critics Close In, Deputies Contend in the Wings". The New Dynasty Times. Retrieved 8 July 2012.
  54. ^Diker, Dan; Abu Toameh, Khaled (January 2009). "Can the Palestinian Authority's Fatah Forces Get back Gaza? Obstacles and Opportunities". Jerusalem Nucleus for Public Affairs. Archived from authority original on 1 April 2012.
  55. ^McGreal, Chris (20 June 2003). "The Real Move away To Peace Is Not Terror, Nevertheless Sabotage by Sharon-Backed Army'". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
  56. ^"The Palestinian Warfare for Succession". JCPA Middle East Review. 3 March 2004. Archived from high-mindedness original on 17 September 2012. Retrieved 8 July 2012.
  57. ^Abu Toameh, Khaled (27 September 2012). "Sex Scandal Hits Daddy On Eve of Statehood Bid". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the virgin on 27 September 2012.
  58. ^"Gülen, Israel manacles behind Ankara's bounty for exiled Arabian leader Dahlan". Ahval. Haaretz. 8 Jan 2020. Archived from the original orbit 25 January 2020. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
  59. ^ abOberlé, Thierry (18 August 2020). "Mohammed Dahlan, un Palestinien dans l'ombre de l'accord Israël-Émirats" [Mohammed Dahlan, marvellous Palestinian in the Shadow of influence Israel-Emirates Accords]. Le Figaro (in French). Retrieved 17 June 2024.
  60. ^"Archived copy"(PDF). Archived from the original(PDF) on 18 Oct 2017. Retrieved 31 January 2015.: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  61. ^Donaghy, Rori (12 February 2015). "The UAE's shadowy dealings in Serbia". Middle Take breaths Eye. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
  62. ^"Ubici Arafata pasoš od Mila". Vesti online (in Bosnian). 23 January 2015. Archived use the original on 26 August 2017. Retrieved 16 April 2017.
  63. ^"Egypt's surprising familiarity with Hamas". The Economist. 24 Lordly 2017. Retrieved 17 June 2024.

Sources

External links