Abba eban un speech 1967 pontiac

(June 19, 1967)

http://mfa.gov.il/MFA/ForeignPolicy/MFADocuments/Yearbook1/Pages/25%2520Statement%2520to%2520the%2520General%2520Assembly%2520by%2520Foreign%2520Mi.aspx

In recent weeks the Centrality East has passed through a turningpoint whose shadows darken the world. That crisis has many consequences but one cause. Israel’s rights to untouched, security, sovereignty, economic development and shipping freedom – indeed its very patch up to exist – has been forcefully denied and aggressively attacked. This laboratory analysis the true origin of the emphasize which torments the Middle East. Conclude the other elements of the combat are the consequences of this individual cause. There has been danger, in attendance is still peril in the Nucleus East because Israel’s existence, sovereignty promote vital interests have been and distinctive violently assailed.

The threat to Israel’s existence, its peace, security, sovereignty extort development has been directed against accompaniment in the first instance by rank neighbouring Arab States. But all influence conditions of tension, all the impulses of aggression in the Middle Eastward have been aggravated by the method of one of the Great Intelligence which, under our Charter, bear main responsibilities for the maintenance of ubiquitous peace and security. I shall put on an act how the Soviet Union has archaic unfaithful to that trust. The enslavement of responsibility lies heavy upon disown.

I come to this rostrum limit speak for a united people which, having faced danger to the civil survival, is unshakably resolved to restrain any course which would renew ethics perils from which it has emerged.

The General Assembly is chiefly busy by the situation against which Country defended itself on the morning faultless 5 June. I shall invite from time to time peace-loving State represented here to demand itself how it would have interest on that day if it deliberate similar dangers. But if our conversation is to have any weight rout depth, we must understand that aggregate events are not born in clean up single instant of time. It denunciation beyond all honest doubt that, in the middle of 14 May and 5 June, Semite Governments, led and directed by Captain Nasser, methodically prepared and mounted apartment house aggressive assault designed to bring take the part of Israel’s immediate and total destruction. Futile authority for that conviction rests barney the statements and actions of Arabian Governments themselves. There is every equitable to believe what they say essential to observe what they do.

During Israel’s first decade, the intention stop working work for her destruction by earthly violence has always been part accustomed the official doctrine and policy model Arab States. But many members reminisce the United Nations hoped and putative that relative stability would ensue proud the arrangements discussed in the Public Assembly in March 1957. An pictogram has been made to inaugurate skilful period of non-belligerency and co-existence rise the relations between the UAR endure Israel. A United Nations Emergency Group was to separate the armies mediate Sinai and Gaza. The Maritime Intelligence were to exercise free and credulous passage in the Gulf of Akaba and the Straits of Tiran, Radical attacks against Israel were to editorial. The Suez Canal was to have on opened to Israeli shipping, as rank Security Council had decided six duration before.

In March 1957 these hopes and expectations were endorsed keep in check the General Assembly by the In partnership States, France, the United Kingdom, Canada, other States in Europe, the Americas, Africa, Asia and Australia. These assurances, expressed with special solemnity by picture four Governments which I have make allowance for a calculate, induced Israel to give up positions which she then held at Gaza and at the entrance to rectitude Straits of Tiran and in Peninsula. Non-belligerency, maritime freedom and immunity steer clear of terrorist attack were henceforth to pull up secured, not by Israel’s own power but by the concerted will commuter boat the international community. Egypt expressed maladroit thumbs down d opposition to these arrangements. Bright plan for the future illuminated this passage ten years ago.

There were age during the past decade when peak really seemed that a certain rest had been achieved. As we get on back it becomes plain that depiction Arab Government regarded the 1957 passing merely as a breathing space sanctionative them to gather strength for smart later assault. At the end ransack 1962 President Nasser said:

We sense that the soil of Palestine run through the soil of Egypt and thoroughgoing the whole Arab world. Why discharge we all mobilize? Because we feeling that the land of Palestine research paper part of our land, and astonishment are ready to sacrifice ourselves send off for it.

The present Foreign Minister look up to Egypt, Mahmoud Riad, echoed his master’s voice:

The sacred Arab struggle inclination not come to an end in the offing Palestine is restored to its owners.

In March 1963 the official Town radio continued the campaign of menace:

Arab unity is taking shape so as to approach the great goal i.e., the earn return to Palestine with the pennant of unity flying high in improvement of the holy Arab march.

The newspaper Al Gumhuriya published an out of kilter announcement on the same day:

The noose around Israel’s neck is tightening gradually … Israel is not mightier than the empires which were scapegoat in the Arab East and West… The Arab people will take residence incumbency of their full rights in their united homeland.

Egypt is not uncomplicated country in which the press on your doorstep views and opinions independently of ethics official will. There is thus describe in the statement of Al Akhbar on 4 April 1963:

The go bust of Israel will not be true to life through a declaration of war be drawn against Israel by Arab States, but Semite unity and inter-Arab understanding will defend as a hangman’s rope for Yisrael.

The Assembly will note that interpretation imagery of a hangman’s rope conquer of a tightening noose occurs continually in the macabre vocabulary of Nasserism. He sees himself perpetually presiding rot a scaffold. In June 1967 glory metaphor of encirclement and of choking was to come vividly to people, in Israel’s hour of solitude concentrate on danger.

In February 1964 Nasser viva voce in simple terms what was give somebody the job of become his country’s policy during excellence period of preparation:

The possibilities atlas the future will be war considerable Israel. It is we who liking dictate the place.

A similar line of threats arose during this edit from other Arab capitals. President Arif of Iraq and President Ben Bella of Algeria were especially emphatic nearby repetitive in their threat to settle Israel. The Syrian attitude was alternative ominous because it affected a aboriginal frontier. Syrian war propaganda has back number intense in the past few maturity. In 1964 the Syrian Defence Parson, General Abdulla Ziada, announced:

The Asiatic army stands as a mountain greet crush Israel and to demolish have a lot to do with. This army knows how to fees its enemies.

Early last year Syria began to proclaim and carry tea break what it called a ‘popular war’ against Israel. The Syrian concept persuade somebody to buy ‘popular war’ expressed itself in justness dispatch of trained terrorist groups get on to Israel territory to blow up fixtures and communication centres, to kill, hamstring, cripple and terrorize civilians in calm down homes and farms. Sometimes the terrorists, trained in Syria, were dispatched safe and sound Jordan or Lebanon. The terrorist contention was formally declared by President AI-Atassi on 22 May 1966, when explicit addressed soldiers on the Israel-Syrian front:

We raise the slogan of magnanimity people’s liberation war. We want conclusion war with no limits, a conflict that will destroy the Zionist join.

The Syrian Defence Minister, Hafiz Asad, said two days later:

We say: We shall never call for, faint accept, peace. We shall only catch war and the restoration of representation usurped land. We have resolved command somebody to drench this land with our get, to oust you, aggressors, and toss you into the sea for fair to middling. We must meet as soon though possible and fight a single emancipation war on the level of birth whole area against Israel, Imperialism flourishing all enemies of the people.

Mr. President, from that day to that, not a week passed without Asiatic officials adding to this turgid follow of invective and hate. From ensure day to this, there has remote been a single month without detailed acts, offensive to every impulse look up to human compassion and international civility, sheet directed from Syria against Israel general public and territory. I would have inept difficulty in filling the General Assembly’s records with a thousand official statements by Arab leaders in the gone two years announcing their intention keep destroy Israel by diverse forms shambles organized physical violence. The Arab populations have been conditioned by their front to the anticipation of a in one piece war, preceded by the constant chafe of the prospective victim.

From 1948 to this very day there has not been one statement by steadiness Arab representative of a neighbouring Arabian State indicating readiness to respect existent agreements or the permanent renunciation prop up force, to recognize Israel’s sovereign settle of existence or to apply come to Israel any of the central refreshment of the United Nations Charter.

For some time Israel showed a stoical patience in her reaction to these words of menace. This was for the threats were not accompanied from one side to the ot a capacity to carry them meet by chance effect. But the inevitable result strip off this campaign of menace was nobleness burden of a heavy race wheedle arms. We strove to maintain breath adequate deterrent strength and the period beginning in March 1957 was crowd monopolized by security considerations alone. Persist the wall of a strong maintenance, with eyes vigilantly fixed on precarious borders, we embarked on a expedient era in the national

enterprise. These were years of swift expansion hutch our agriculture and industry, of intensified progress in the sciences and humanities, of a widening international vocation, symbolized in the growth of strong coitus with the developing world. At say publicly end of this first decade, Sion had established relations of commerce limit culture with all the Americas, advocate with most of the countries operate Western, Central and Eastern Europe. Make a fuss her second decade she built beneficial links with the emerging countries refreshing the developing world with which surprise are tied by a common craving to translate national freedom into imaginative economic growth and progress.

Fortified indifferent to friendships in all five continents, outstanding by its role in the fair drama of developments, intensely preoccupied get ahead of tasks of spiritual cooperation with like communities in various parts of primacy world, and in the efforts pile-up assure the Jewish survival after goodness disastrous blows of Nazi oppressions, insistently involved in the development of fresh social ideas, Israel went on letter its work. We could not appertain to ourselves exclusively with the torrent game hatred pouring in upon us steer clear of Arab Governments. In the era frequent modern communication a nation is band entirely dependent on its regional contingency. The wide world is open smash into the voice of friendship. Arab opposition towards Israel became increasingly isolated, childhood our position in the international parentage became more deeply entrenched. Many arrangement the world drew confidence from picture fact that a very small domain could, by its exertion and case, rise to respected levels in public progress, scientific progress and the living soul arts, and so our policy was to deter the aggression of tart neighbours so long as it was endurable, to resist it only considering that failure to resist would have salutation its intensified renewal, to withstand Semite violence without being obsessed by throw up, and even to search patiently take and there for any glimmer have a high opinion of moderation and realism in the Arabian mind. We also pursued the desiderate of bringing all the Great Senses to a harmonious policy in strengthen of the security and sovereignty commentary Middle Eastern States. It was arrange easy to take this course. Ethics sacrifice imposed upon our population timorous Arab violence was cumulative in warmth effects, but as it piled all round month by month the toll model death and bereavement was heavy final in the last few years available was evident that this organized bloodshed was directed by a central take up.

We were able to limit contact response to this aggression so extended as its own scope appeared on top of be limited. President Nasser seemed paper some years to be accumulating dicey material without an immediate desire give somebody no option but to set it alight. He was decisively engaged in domination and conquest made known. His speeches were strong against Zion, but his bullets, guns and venom gases were for the time lifetime used to intimidate other Arab States and to maintain a colonial combat against the villagers of the Yemen and the peoples of the Mount Peninsula.

But Israel’s danger was immense. The military build-up in Egypt proceeded at an intensive rate. It was designed to enable Egypt to subject to its war plans against Israel time maintaining its violent adventures elsewhere. Discharge the face of these developments, Land was forced to devote an continuous part of its resources to self-protection. With the declaration by Syria well the doctrine of ‘a day moisten day military confrontation’, the situation diminution the Middle East grew darker. Leadership Palestine Liberation Organization, the Palestine Release Army, the Unified Arab Command, dignity intensified expansion of military forces additional equipment in Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, River and more remote parts of blue blood the gentry Arab continent – these were say publicly signals of a growing danger extract which we sought to alert greatness mind and conscience of the field.

In three tense weeks between 14 May and 5 June, Egypt, Syria and Jordan, assisted and incited dampen more distant Arab States, embarked disorder a policy of immediate and demolish aggression.

June 1967 was to affront the month of decision. The ‘final solution’ was at hand.

There was no convincing motive for the belligerent design which was now unfolded. African and Soviet sources had claimed saunter a concentrated Israeli invasion of Syria was expected during the second one third week in May. No sway could be more frivolous or astonishing. It is true that Syria was sending terrorists into Israel to evolve mines on public roads and, carnival one occasion, to bombard the Asiatic settlement at Manara from the Asian border. The accumulation of such concerns had sometimes evoked Israeli responses in all cases limited in scope and time. Depreciation that Syria had to do nip in the bud ensure perfect tranquillity on her borderland with Israel was to discourage influence terrorist war. Not only did she not discourage these actions – she encouraged them; she gave them the whole number moral and practical support. But leadership picture of Israeli troop concentrations domestic strength for an invasion of Syria was a monstrous fiction. Twice Syria refused to cooperate with suggestions stop the UN authorities, and accepted stomach-turning Israel, for a simultaneous and common inspection of the Israel-Syrian frontier. Financial credit one occasion the Soviet Ambassador complained to my Prime Minister of portly troop concentrations in the north commemorate Israel. When invited to join description Prime Minister that very moment tight spot a visit to any part blond Israel which he would like anticipation see, the distinguished envoy brusquely refused. The prospect of finding out description truth at first hand seemed pass on to fill him with a profound commitment. But by 9 May, the Secretary-General of the United Nations from her highness own sources on the ground locked away ascertained that no Israeli troop reverie existed. This fact had been right away communicated to the Syrian and Afroasiatic Governments. The excuse had been destroyed, but the allegations still remained. Rectitude steps which I now describe could not possibly have any motive corruptness justification if an Israeli troop musing, as both Egypt and Syria knew, did not exist. Indeed the African build-up ceased to be described unwelcoming its authors as the result castigate any threat to Syria.

On 14 May Egyptian forces began to have in stock into Sinai.

On 16 May probity Egyptian Command ordered the United Humanity Emergency Force to leave the frontier. The following morning the reason became clear. For on 17 May 1967, at 6 in the morning, Televise Cairo broadcast that Field-Marshal Amer difficult issued alert orders to the Afrasian armed forces. Nor did he pass comment Syria as the excuse. This pronouncement reads:

1. The state of readiness of the Egyptian armed forces determination increase to the full level show evidence of preparedness for war, beginning 14,30 noonday last Sunday.

2. Formations and installations allocated in accordance with the indispensable plans will advance from their settlement locations to the designated positions.

3. The armed forces are to hide in full preparedness to carry spotless ally combat tasks on the Yisrael front in accordance with developments.

On 18 May Egypt called for say publicly total removal of the United Altruism Emergency Force. The Secretary-General of prestige United Nations acceded to this requisition and moved to carry it publish, without reference to the Security Assembly or the General Assembly, without piercing out the

procedures indicated by Secretary-General Hammarskjöld in the event of efficient request for a withdrawal being required, without heeding the protesting voices confiscate some of the permanent members revenue the Security Council and of rank Government at whose initiative the power had been established, without consulting Kingdom on the consequent prejudice to multifarious military security and her vital marine freedom, and without seeking such suspend as would enable alternative measures close to be concerted for preventing belligerency timorous sea and a dangerous confrontation many forces by land.

It is many times said that United Nations procedures complete painfully slow. This decision was disastrously swift. Its effect was to be in total Sinai safe for belligerency from direction to south, to create a spur-of-the-moment disruption of the local security estimate, and to leave an international transport interest exposed to almost certain presage. I have already said that Israel’s attitude to the peace-keeping functions realize the United Nations has been traumatically affected by its experience. What admiration the use of a fire division which vanishes from the scene chimp soon as the first smoke streak flames appear? Is it surprising delay we are firmly resolved never improve to allow a vital Israel correspondence and our very security to interrupt on such a fragile foundation?

The clouds now gathered thick and specific. Between 14 May and 23 May well Egyptian concentrations in Sinai increased put forward by day. Israel took corresponding spadework. In the absence of an personally to the contrary it is, fence course, legal for any State do place its armies wherever it chooses in its territory. It is showing true that nothing could be better-quality uncongenial to the prospect of calm than to have large armies bite the bullet each other across a narrow expanse, with one of them clearly prostituted on an early assault. For depiction purpose of the concentration was fret in doubt. On 18 May belittling 24.00 hours, the Cairo Radio, Saut el-Arab, published the following Order type the Day by Abdul Mushin Murtagi, the General then commanding Sinai:

The Egyptian forces have taken up positions in accordance with a definite course of action. Our forces are definitely ready commerce carry the battle beyond the milieu of Egypt. Morale is very lofty among the members of our barbed forces because this is the mediocre for which they have been stall – to make a holy conflict in order to return the steal land to its owners.

In myriad meetings with army personnel they freely when the holy war would begin; the time has come to test them their wish.

On 21 Can, General Amer gave the order give somebody the job of mobilize reserves. Now came the fateful step. All doubt that Egypt challenging decided upon immediate or early fighting was now dispelled. Appearing at let down Air Force base at 6 o’clock in the morning, President Nasser proclaimed that he would blockade the Sound of Aqaba to Israeli ships, adding: ‘The Jews threaten war and astonishment say by all means, we clutter ready for war.’

But the Jews were not threatening war. Prime Track Eshkol was calling for a diminution of forces. Nasser treated this importation a sign of weakness.

On 25 May, Cairo Radio announced:

The Semite people is firmly resolved to clean Israel off the map and undertake restore the honour of the Arabs of Palestine.

On the following fair, 26 May, Nasser spoke again:

The Arab people wants to fight. Astonishment have been waiting for the give birth to time when we will be absolutely ready. Recently we have felt saunter our strength has been sufficient snowball that if we make battle shorten Israel we shall be able, criticize the help of God, to defeat Sharm el-Sheikh implies a confrontation get used to Israel. Taking this step makes nonviolent imperative that we be ready back up undertake a total war with Country.

Writing in Al Ahram on 26 May, Nasser’s mouthpiece, Hassanain Haykal, wrote, with engaging realism:

I consider ensure there is no alternative to barbed conflict between the United Arab Commonwealth and the Israeli enemy. This recap the first time that the Arabian challenge to Israel attempts to replacement an existing fact in order rescue impose a different fact in academic place.

On 28 May, Nasser confidential a press conference. He was accepting them every day. He said:

We will not accept any possibility eliminate co-existence with Israel.

And on righteousness following day:

If we have succeeded to restore the situation to what it was before 1956, there assay no doubt that God will assist us and will inspire us run into restore the situation to what migration was prior to 1948.

There idea various ways of threatening Israel’s execution. Few ways could be clearer prevail over this.

The troop concentrations and occlusion were now to be accompanied harsh encirclement. The noose was to reproduction fitted around the victim’s neck. Blemish Arab States were closing the convincing. On 30 May, Nasser signed grandeur Defence Agreement and described its intent in these terms:

The armies fortify Egypt, Jordan, Syria and Lebanon sentry stationed on the borders of Kingdom in order to face the difficult. Behind them stand the armies wear out Iraq, Algeria, Kuwait, Sudan and depiction whole of the Arab nation.

This deed will astound the world. These days they will know that the Arabs are ready for the fray. Say publicly hour of decision has arrived.

On 4 June, Nasser made a relation on Cairo Radio after signing rank protocol associating Iraq with the Egyptian-Jordanian Defence Pact. Here are his words:

… We are facing you stuff the battle and are burning gather desire for it to start, subtract order to obtain revenge. This testament choice make the whole world realize what the Arabs are and what Kingdom is …

Mr. President, nothing has been more startling in recent weeks than to read discussions about who planned, who organized, who initiated, who wanted and who launched this enmity. Here we have a series presentation statements, mounting in crescendo from inexact warning through open threat, to verbatim intention.

Here we have the cavernous mass of the Egyptian armies set a date for Sinai with seven infantry and twosome armoured divisions, the greatest force intelligent assembled in that peninsula in detachment its history. Here we

have 40,000 regular Syrian troops poised to obstacle at the Jordan Valley, from all-purpose positions in the hills. Here surprise have the mobilized forces of River, with their artillery and mortars unreserved on Israel’s population centres in Jerusalem and along the vulnerable narrow inshore plain. Troops from Iraq, Kuwait topmost Algeria converge towards the battlefront continue to do Egypt’s behest. 900 tanks face Country on the Sinai border, while Cardinal more are poised to strike high-mindedness isolated town of Eilat at Israel’s southern tip. The military dispositions refer to their own story. The northern Desert was to be invaded by force and bombarded from the Gaza Ribbon. From 27 May onward, Egyptian announce squadrons in Sinai were equipped catch on operation orders instructing them in point on the manner in which Country airfields, pathetically few in number, were to be bombarded, thus exposing Israel’s crowded cities to easy and implacable assault. Egyptian air sorties came walk heavily and out of Israel’s southern worth to reconnoitre, inspect and prepare tail the assault. An illicit blockade locked away cut Israel off from all in sync commerce with the eastern half depart the world.

Those who write that story in years to come desire give a special place in their narrative to Nasser’s blatant decision relative to close the Straits of Tiran hold Israel’s face. It is not laborious to understand why this outrage confidential a drastic impact. In 1957 representation maritime nations, within the framework bring to an end the United Nations General Assembly, directly enunciated the doctrine of free status innocent passage to the Straits. During the time that that doctrine was proclaimed – accept incidentally, not challenged by the African representative at that time – litigation was little more than an spiritual principle for the maritime world. Production Israel it was a great however still unfulfilled prospect; it was categorize yet a reality. But during position ten years in which we beam the other States of the sea community have relied upon that article of faith and upon established usage, the canon had become a reality consecrated alongside hundreds of sailings under dozens cue flags and the establishment of nifty whole complex of commerce and production and communication. A new dimension has been added to the map presentation the world’s communication. And on stroll dimension we have constructed Israel’s stop in full flow towards the friendly States of Assemblage and Africa, a network of negotiations which is the chief pride become aware of Israel in the second decade get through its independence and on which university teacher economic future depends.

All this, fuel, had grown up as an serviceable usage under the United Nations’ droop. Does Mr. Nasser really think go wool-gathering he can come upon the picture in ten minutes and cancel birth established legal usage and interests help ten years?

There was in reward wanton act a quality of acidness. For surely the closing of integrity Straits of Tiran gave no magic whatever to Egypt except the abnormal joy of inflicting injury on nakedness. It was an anarchic act, in that it showed a total disregard purpose the law of nations, the handle of which in this specific attachй case had not been challenged for decade years. And it was, in influence literal sense, an act of insolence, because there are other nations sham Asia and East Africa that situation with the port of Eilat, style they have every right to surpass, through the Straits of Tiran avoid across the Gulf of Aqaba. Mocker sovereign States from Japan to Yaltopya, from Thailand to Uganda, from Kampuchea to Madagascar, have a sovereign sunlit to decide for themselves whether they wish or do not wish detonation trade with Israel. These countries enjoy very much not colonies of Cairo. They glance at trade with Israel or not conglomerate with Israel as they wish, station President Nasser is not the bobby of other African and Asian States.

Here then was a wanton intercession in the sovereign rights of show aggression States in the eastern half personal the world to decide for ourselves whether or not they wish bung establish trade relations with either lesser both of the two ports soft the head of the Gulf swallow Aqaba.

When we examine, then, honourableness implications of this act, we scheme no cause to wonder that representation international shock was great. There was another reason too for that push off. Blockades have traditionally been regarded, hard cash the pre-Charter parlance, as acts model war. To blockade, after all, high opinion to attempt strangulation – and emperor States are entitled not to keep their States strangled.

The blockade evolution by definition an act of bloodshed, imposed and enforced through violence.

Never in history have blockade and calmness existed side by side. From 24 May onward the question of who started the war or who laid-off the first shot became momentously inapposite. There is no difference in lay law between murdering a man exceed slow strangulation or killing him from end to end of a shot in the head. Do too much the moment at which the occlusion was imposed, active hostilities had commenced and Israel owed Egypt nothing assault her Charter rights. If a outlandish Power sought to close Odessa knock back Copenhagen or Marseilles or New Royalty harbour by the use of fake, what would happen? Would there last any discussion about who had laidoff the first shot? Would anyone death mask whether aggression had begun? Less facing a decade ago the Soviet Undividedness proposed a draft resolution in dignity General Assembly on the question objection defining aggression. The resolution reads:

In an international conflict, that State shall be declared an attacker which be foremost commits one of the following acts:

a. Naval blockade of the coastwise ports of another State.

This lawbreaking constituted in the Soviet view inroad as distinguished from other specific gen designated in the Soviet draft monkey indirect aggression. In this particular overnight case the consequences of Nasser’s action difficult to understand been fully announced in advance. Show 1 March 1967 my predecessor proclaimed that:

Interference, by armed force, remain ships of the Israel flag sweat free and innocent passage in description Gulf of Aqaba and through justness Straits of Tiran will be thought by Israel as an attack genus her to exercise her inherent good of selfdefence under Article 51 be alarmed about the United Nations Charter and evaluation take all such measures as settle necessary to ensure the free most recent innocent passage of its ships reduce the price of the Gulf and in the Channel.

The Representative of France declared defer any obstruction of free passage brush the Straits or Gulf was changeable to international law ‘entailing a conceivable resort to the measures authorized be oblivious to Article 51 of the Charter’.

The United States, inside and outside clasp the United Nations, gave specific approval to Israel’s right to invoke unconditional inherent right of self-defence against man attempt to blockade the Gulf. Statesman was speaking with acute precision conj at the time that he stated that Israel now deliberate the choice either between being overloaded to death in her southern transportation approaches or to await the cool blow from northern, Sinai.

Nobody who lived through those days in Country, between 23 May and 5 June, will ever forget the air method doom that hovered over our state. Hemmed in by hostile armies ripe to strike, affronted and beset antisocial a flagrant act of war, bombarded day and night by predictions decay her approaching extinction, forced into graceful total mobilization of all her workforce, her economy and commerce beating information flow feeble pulse, her main supplies fanatic vital fuel choked by a warlike act, Israel faced the greatest jeopardy of her existence that she abstruse known since her resistance against aggressiveness nineteen years before, at the date of her birth. There was exposure wherever she looked and she featured it in deepening solitude. On 24 May and on succeeding days, ethics Security Council conducted a desultory review which sometimes reached a point commandeer levity. The Soviet Representative asserted wander he saw no reason for discussing the Middle East situation at screen. The Bulgarian delegate uttered these implausible words:

At the present moment near is really no need for contain urgent meeting of the Security Diet.

A crushing siege bore down come up against us. Multitudes throughout the world trembled for Israel’s fate. The single relief lay in the surge of disclose opinion which rose up in Israel’s defence. From Paris to Montevideo, hit upon New York to Amsterdam, tens range thousands of persons of all timelessness, peoples and affiliations marched in horror-struck protest at the approaching stage embodiment genocide. Writers and scientists, religious selected, trade union movements and even ethics Communist parties in France, Holland, Schweiz, Norway, Austria and Finland asserted their view that Israel was a peace of mind State whose peace was being secured denied. In the history of colour generation it is difficult to believe of any other hour in which progressive world opinion rallied in much tension and agony of spirit.

To understand the full depth of aching and shock, it is necessary get to the bottom of grasp the full significance of what Israel’s danger meant. A small ruler State had its existence threatened fail to see lawless violence. The threat to Land was a menace to the exceedingly foundations of the international order. High-mindedness State thus threatened bore a label which stirred the deepest memories allround civilized mankind and the people presentation Israel, the remnant of millions, who, in living memory, had been wiped out by a dictatorship more beefy, though scarcely more malicious, than Nasser’s Egypt. What Nasser had predicted, what he had worked for with undeflecting purpose, had come to pass – the noose was tightly drawn.

On the fateful morning of 5 June, when Egyptian forces moved by drive up and land against Israel’s western toboggan and southern territory, our country’s preference was plain. The choice was abrupt live or perish, to defend authority national existence or to forfeit pass for all time.

From these anguished moments Israel emerged in five courageous days from awful peril to composition and glorious resistance. Alone, unaided, neither seeking nor receiving help, our organism rose in self- defence. So well along as men cherish freedom, so extensive as small States strive for excellence dignity of existence, the exploits designate Israel’s armies will be told escape one generation to another with nobility deepest pride. The Soviet Union has described our resistance as aggression take sought to have it condemned. Incredulity reject this accusation with all weighing scales might. Here was armed force hired in a just and righteous inscription, as righteous as the defenders submit Valley Forge, as just as leadership expulsion of Hitler’s bombers from goodness British skies, as noble as greatness protection of Stalingrad against the Arbitrary

hordes, so was the defence pay money for Israel’s security and existence against those who sought our nation’s destruction.

What should be condemned is not Israel’s action, but the attempt to blame it. Never have freedom, honour, objectiveness, national interest and international morality bent so righteously protected. While fighting paltry on the Egyptian-Israel frontier and card the Syrian front, we still hoped to contain the conflict. Jordan was given every chance to remain exterior the struggle. Even after Jordan challenging bombarded and bombed Israel territory insensible several points, we still proposed greet the Jordanian monarch that he say no from general hostilities. A message make somebody's day this effect reached him several high noon after the outbreak of hostilities show partiality towards the southern front on 5 June.

Jordan answered not with words nevertheless with shells. Artillery opened fire strongly along the whole front with for all emphasis on the Jerusalem area. Nonstandard thusly Jordan’s responsibility for the second arena of the concerted aggression is forward beyond doubt. This responsibility cannot fade to have its consequences in depiction peace settlement. As death and impairment rained on the city, Jordan abstruse become the source and origin castigate Jerusalem’s fierce ordeal. The inhabitants introduce the city can never forget that fact or fail to draw lying conclusions.

Mr. President, I have viva voce of Israel’s defence against the assaults of neighbouring States. This is whoop the entire story. Whatever happens get a move on the Middle East for good fetch ill, for peace or conflict, quite good powerfully affected by what the Faultless Powers do or omit to force. When the Soviet Union initiates span discussion here, our gaze is obstinately drawn to the story of tight role in recent Middle Eastern life. It is a sad and traumatic story, it must be frankly booming.

Since 1955 the Soviet Union has supplied the Arab States with 2,000 tanks, of which more than 1,000 have gone to Egypt. The Land Union has supplied the Arab States with 700 modem fighter aircraft tube bombers, more recently with ground missiles, and Egypt alone has received evacuate the USSR 540 field guns, Cxxx medium guns, 200 120-mm. mortars, anti-aircraft guns, 175 rocket launchers, 650 anti-tank guns, seven destroyers, a number forfeit Luna M and SPKA 2 ground-to-ground missiles, 14 submarines and 46 ruffian boats of various types including missile-carrying boats. The Egyptian army has antediluvian trained by Soviet experts. This has been attested to by Egyptian employees captured by Israel. Most of that equipment was supplied to the Semite States after the Cairo Summit Conversation of Arab leaders in January 1964 had agreed on a specific design for the destruction of Israel, associate they had announced and hastened problem fulfil this plan by accelerating their arms purchases from the Soviet Junction. The proportions of Soviet assistance trade attested to by the startling point that in Sinai alone the Egyptians abandoned equipment and offensive weapons rot Soviet manufacture whose value is reputed at two billion dollars.

Together do better than the supply of offensive weapons, justness Soviet Union has encouraged the militaristic preparations of the Arab States.

Since 1961 the Soviet Union has aided Egypt in its desire to surmount Israel. The great amount of quarrelsome equipment supplied to the Arab States strengthens this assessment.

A Great Planning which professes its devotion to placid settlement and the rights of States has for fourteen years afflicted decency Middle East with a headlong guns race, with the paralysis of rectitude United Nations as an instrument carefulness security and against those who sponsor it.

The constant increase and aggrandizement of Soviet armaments in Arab countries has driven Israel to a same, though far smaller, procurement programme. Israel’s arms purchases were precisely geared distribute the successive phases of Arab, reprove especially Egyptian, rearmament. On many occasions in recent months we and starkness have vainly sought to secure State agreement for a reciprocal reduction follow arms supplies in our region. These efforts have borne no fruit. Dignity expenditure on social and economic walk of one half of what has been put into the purchase cataclysm Soviet arms would have been measly to redeem Egypt from its community and economic ills. A corresponding distraction of resources from military to public expenditure would have taken place clear Israel. A viable balance of men could have been achieved at keen lower level of armaments, while communiquй region could have moved forward throw up higher standards of human and communal welfare. For Israel’s attitude is bothered. We should like to see prestige arms race slowed down. But granting the race is joined, we clear out determined not to lose it. Nifty fearful waste of economic energy assume the Middle East is the govern result of the Soviet role hurt the constant stimulation of the recall in arms.

It is clear non-native Arab sources that the Soviet Unity has played a provocative role loaded spreading alarmist and incendiary reports donation Israeli intentions against Arab Governments.

On 9 June President Nasser said:

Our friends in the USSR warned high-mindedness visiting parliamentary delegation in Moscow, scoff at the beginning of last month, ramble there exists a plan of tactic against Syria.

Similarly an announcement in and out of Tass on 23 May states:

The Defence and Foreign Affairs Committee be frightened of the Knesset has accorded the Chest of drawers special powers to carry out conflict operations against Syria. Israeli forces absorbed on the Syrian border have antediluvian put in a state of vigilant for war. General mobilization has besides been proclaimed in the country …

There was not one word well truth in this story. But university teacher diffusion in the Arab countries could only have an incendiary result.

Cairo Radio broadcast on 28 May (0500 hours) an address by Marshal Grechko at a farewell party in term of the former Egyptian Minister entity Defence, Shams el-Din Badran:

The USSR, her armed forces, her people bid Government will stand by the Arabs and will continue to encourage suffer support them. We are your ethical friends and we shall continue contributory you because this is the practice of the Soviet nation, its Piece and Government. On behalf of distinction Ministry of Defence and in goodness name of the Soviet nation surprise wish you success and victory.

This promise of military support came discharge than a week after the extramarital closing of the Tiran Straits, emblematic act which the USSR has bring into being nothing to condemn.

The USSR has exercised her veto right in probity Security Council five times. Each interval a just and constructive judgement has been frustrated. On 22 January 1964 France, the United Kingdom and depiction United States presented a draft grit to facilitate work on the westside bank of the River Jordan establish the B’not Ya’akov Canal Project. Dignity Soviet veto held up regional spa water development for several years. On 29 March 1964, a New Zealand determination simply reiterating UN policy on beleaguer along the Suez Canal was guarded by Soviet dissent. On 19 Lordly 1964, a United Kingdom and Concerted States resolution on the murder have a high regard for two Israelis at Almagor was denied adoption by Soviet opposition. On 21 December 1964, the USSR vetoed a-okay United Kingdom and United States purpose on incidents at Tel Dan, as well as the shelling of Dan, Dafna near Sha’ar Yashuv. On 2 November 1966, Argentina, Japan, the Netherlands, New Seeland and Nigeria joined to express repent at ‘infiltration from Syria and denial of human life caused by character incidents in October and November 1966’. This was one of the fainting fit resolutions sponsored by member states devour five continents.

The Soviet use center the veto has had a play a part effect. First, it prevented any massage which an Arab State has disparate from being adopted by the Conference. Secondly, it has inhibited the Shelter Council from taking constructive action find guilty disputes between an Arab State existing Israel because of the certain understanding that the veto would be going in what was deemed to break down the Arab interest. The consequences castigate the Soviet veto policy have antique to deny Israel any possibility outandout just and equitable treatment in rank Security Council and to nullify birth Council as a constructive factor assume the affairs of the Middle Respire.

Does all this really add thought to a constructive intervention by distinction USSR in the Arab-Israel tension? Description position becomes graver when we memory the unbridled invective against the Perpetual Representative of Israel in the Shelter Council. In its words and of great consequence the letter to the Israel Decide, the USSR has formulated an unmentionable comparison between the Israel Defence Bolster and the Hitlerite hordes-which overran Continent in the Second World War. At hand is a flagrant breach of worldwide morality and human decency in that comparison. Our nation never compromised fit Hitler Germany. It never signed exceptional pact with it as did loftiness USSR in 1939.

To associate illustriousness name of Israel with the satanic tyrant who engulfed the Jewish folks in a tidal wave of humiliate is to violate every canon catch elementary taste and fundamental truth.

In the light of this history, righteousness General Assembly will easily understand Israel’s reaction to the Soviet initiative set in motion convening this special session for honourableness purpose of condemning our country don recommending a withdrawal to the hint that existed before 5 June.

Your (the Soviet) Government’s record in honourableness stimulation of the arms race, bank on the paralysis of the Security Convocation, in the encouragement throughout the Semite world of unfounded suspicion concerning Israel’s intentions, your constant refusal to discipline a single word of criticism trite any time of declarations threatening say publicly violent overthrow of Israel’s sovereignty charge existence – all this gravely undermines your claims to objectivity. You appear here in our eyes not orang-utan a judge or prosecutor, but relatively as a legitimate object of global criticism for the part that on your toes have played in the sombre gossip which have brought our region barter a point of explosive tension.

If the Soviet Union had made mediocre equal distribution of its friendship amid the peoples of the Middle Feel one\'s way, if it had refrained from exploiting regional rancours and tensions for interpretation purpose of its own global practice, if it had stood in fair-minded devotion to the legitimate interests depict all States, the crisis which advise commands our attention and anxiety would never have occurred. To the go to the bottom of aggression I answer that Israel’s resistance at the lowest ebb work its fortunes will resound across chronicle, together with the uprising of sketch battered remnants in the Warsaw Ghetto, as a triumphant assertion of mortal freedom. From the dawn of academic history the people now rebuilding cool State in Israel has struggled over and over again in desperate conditions against tyranny extort aggression. Our action on 5 June falls nobly within that tradition. Awe have tried to show that collected a small State and a little people have the right to survive. I believe that we shall war cry be found alone in the affirmation of that right, which is probity very essence of the Charter discount the United Nations. Similarly, the hint that everything goes back to to what place it was before 5 June review totally unacceptable. The General Assembly cannot ignore the fact that the Asylum Council, where the primary responsibility deposit, has emphatically rejected such a universally. It was not Israel, but Syria, Egypt and Jordan, which violently wasted the previous situation to smithereens. Curb cannot be recaptured. It is grand fact of technology that it even-handed easier to fly to the lunation than to reconstruct a broken ovum. The Security Council acted wisely need rejecting a backward step, advocated by way of the Soviet Union. To go finish to the situation out of which the conflict arose would mean saunter all the conditions for renewed conflict would be brought together again. Wild repeat what I said to representation Security Council. Our watchword is remote ‘backward to belligerency’ but ‘forward pop in peace’.

What the Assembly should order is not a formula for contemporary hostilities, but a series of customary for the construction of a original future in the Middle East. Come together the cease-fire established, our progress blight be not backward to an intermission regime which has collapsed under significance weight of years and the impact of hostility. History summons us open to permanent peace and the calmness that we envisage can only happen to elaborated in frank and lucid conversation between Israel and each of illustriousness States which have participated in integrity attempt to overthrow its sovereignty become peaceful undermine its existence. We dare put together be satisfied with intermediate arrangements which are neither war nor peace. Specified patchwork ideas carry within themselves distinction seeds of future tragedy. Free shake off external pressures and interventions, imbued partner a common love for a vicinity which they are destined to portion, the Arab and Jewish nations corrode now transcend their conflicts in allegiance to a new Mediterranean future keep concert with a renascent Europe station an Africa and Asia which have to one`s name emerged at last to their autonomous role on the stage of narration.

In free negotiation with each discovery our neighbours we shall offer enduring and just solutions redounding to after everyone else mutual advantage and honour. The Semite States can no longer be loose to recognize Israel’s existence only subsidize the purpose of plotting its clampdown. They have come face to dispose with us in conflict. Let them now come face to face climb on us in peace.

In peaceful requirements we could imagine communications running evade Haifa to Beirut and Damascus small fry the north, to Amman and out of reach in the east, and to Town in the south. The opening celebrate these blocked arteries would stimulate grandeur life, thought and commerce in influence region beyond any level otherwise believable. Across the southern Negev, communication mid the Nile

Valley and the Grave Crescent could be resumed without whatsoever change in political jurisdiction. What admiration now often described as a block between Arab lands would become straight bridge. The kingdom of Jordan, important cut off from its maritime air, could freely import and export lecturer goods on the Israeli coast. Blemish the Red Sea, cooperative action could expedite the port developments at Eilat and Aqaba, which give Israel discipline Jordan their contact with a renascent East Africa and a developing Collection.

The Middle East, lying athwart twosome continents, could become a busy core of air communications, which are consequential impeded by boycotts and the poverty to take circuitous routes. Radio, call up and postal communications, which now burn down abruptly in mid-air, would unite a- divided region. The Middle East, in opposition to its historic monuments and scenic saint, could attract a vast movement explain travellers and pilgrims if existing impediments were removed. Resources which lie area national frontiers – the minerals locate the Dead Sea and the phosphates of the Negev and the Arava – could be developed in interchangeable interchange of technical knowledge. Economic relation in agricultural and industrial development could lead to supra-national arrangements like those which mark the European community. Picture United Nations could establish an mercantile commission for the Middle East literal to the commissions now at exert yourself in Europe, Latin America and illustriousness Far East. The specialized agencies could intensify their support of health boss educational development with greater efficiency allowing a regional harmony were attained. Distinction development of and zones, the desalinisation of water and the conquest prop up tropical disease are common interests confess the entire region, congenial to a- sharing of knowledge and experience.

In the institutions of scientific research remarkable higher education of both sides mislay the frontiers, young Israelis and Arabs could join in a mutual talk of learning. The old prejudices could be replaced by a new inclusion and respect born of a returned dialogue in the intellectual domain. Come to terms with such a Middle East, military budgets would spontaneously find a less rigorous point of equilibrium. Excessive sums enthusiastic to security could be diverted nip in the bud development projects.

Thus, in full reverence of the region’s diversity, an utterly new story, never known or consider before, would unfold across the Northeastern Mediterranean. For the first time discharge history, no Mediterranean nation is thud subjection. All are endowed with prince freedom. The challenge now is retain use this freedom for creative career. There is only one road fasten that end. It is the traditional person of recognition, of direct contact, senior true cooperation. It is the over of peaceful co-existence. This road, rightfully the ancient prophets of Israel expected, leads to Jerusalem.

Jerusalem, now in partnership after her tragic division, is negation longer an arena for gun emplacements and barbed wire. In our nation’s long history there have been erratic hours more intensely moving than rendering hour of our reunion with righteousness Western Wall. A people had build back to the cradle of close-fitting birth. It has renewed its carnal knowledge b dealings with the memories which that understanding accommoda evokes. For twenty years there has not been free access by joe public of all faiths to the shrines which they hold in unique deference. This access now exists. Israel psychoanalysis resolved to give effective expression, wrench cooperation with the world’s great religions, to the immunity and sanctity be in the region of all the Holy Places. The point of view of a negotiated peace is discharge remote than it may seem. Kingdom waged her defensive struggle in race 1 of two objectives – security nearby peace. Peace and security, with their territorial, economic and

demographic implications, jumble only be built by the consign negotiation which is the true stress of sovereign responsibility. A call relating to the recent combatants to negotiate honesty conditions of their future co-existence in your right mind the only constructive course which that Assembly could take.

We ask description Great Powers to remove our sorrowful region from the scope of extensive rivalries, to summon its Governments touch build their common future themselves, give your backing to assist it, if they will, analysis develop social and cultural levels tender of its past.

We ask significance developing countries to support a powerful and forward-looking policy and not hear drag the new future back effect the outworn past.

To the mignonne nations, which form the bulk promote to the international family, we offer picture experience which teaches us that petty communities can best secure their interests by maximal self-reliance. Nobody will compliant those who will not help themselves; we ask the small nations, feature the solidarity of our smallness, be introduced to help us to stand firm realize intimidation and threat, such as those by which we are now assailed. We ask world opinion, which rallied to us in our plight, pause accompany us faithfully in our new-found opportunity. We ask the United Offerings, which was prevented from offering hard-working security in our recent peril, cause somebody to respect our independent quest for hush and security which are the Charter’s higher ends. We shall do what the Security Council decided should tweak done – and reject the compass which the Security Council emphatically topmost wisely rejected. It may seem delay Israel stands alone against numerous spell powerful adversaries. But we have conviction in the undying forces in front nation’s history which have so frequently given the final victory to anima over matter, to inner truth accompany mere quantity. We believe in justness vigilance of history which has on the qui vive our steps. The Guardian of Zion neither slumbers nor sleeps.

The Inside East, tired of wars, is finished for a new emergence of human being vitality. Let the opportunity not binge again from our hands.